A mix of voters' apathy and frustration characterized elections held Sunday for Egypt's first legislature in more than three years, a chamber widely expected to be compliant with the policies of President Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi who, as military chief, ousted the country's first freely elected leader, Mohamed Morsi, before he was elected to office himself a year later.

Egypt's last parliament, elected less than a year after the 2011 ouster of longtime autocrat Hosni Mubarak, was dominated by supporters of the now-outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. It was dissolved in June 2012 following a ruling by the nation's highest court that its election was unconstitutional.

A largely toothless upper chamber continued to sit until el-Sisi's July 2013 ouster of Mohammed Morsi, when it was also dissolved.

"There's no incentive to vote," declared 38-year-old Mohammed Mahmoud, owner of a carpentry workshop across the street from a polling center in Boulaq el-Dakrour, one of the most densely populated districts in Egypt.

"Even if a candidate has a platform, I don't think it's true. I don't think it will be implemented. It will be just talk," he said in Cairo's twin city of Giza, located in one of 14 provinces in which the first of two days of voting took place Sunday.

One of his workers, Mohammed Hassan, echoed the same sentiments: "We've been hearing the same things for 20 years."

Egyptians abroad began voting Saturday and will continue Sunday, where voting was underway in 14 Egyptian provinces, including Giza and the Mediterranean port city of Alexandria. Voting in Egypt's 13 other provinces, including the capital Cairo, will be Nov. 22-23. Each stage of the vote will be followed by a runoff.

Final results will be announced in early December and the new house will hold its inaugural session shortly after.

There were no official or reliable figures available on Sunday's turnout, expected to be as low as 10 percent. State media reports suggested while turnout was low in the morning, large numbers of voters cast ballots in the afternoon.

Sunday is the start of the business week in Egypt, which has more than 50 million registered voters.

Fearing attacks by militants to disrupt the vote, tens of thousands of police and soldiers were deployed to secure the election, many of whom were in full combat gear, complete with camouflaged fatigues, helmets and body armor. Some wore ski masks. In one polling center at Imbaba, dozens of troops were on guard duty amid sandbagged machine-gun positions.

Egypt's next parliament will be the first elected after the adoption last year of a new constitution, arguably the most liberal Egypt has ever had. The constitution empowers lawmakers, albeit under stringent conditions, to impeach the president, call for early presidential elections or withdraw confidence from the prime minster or individual members of his Cabinet.

But analysts and observers say el-Sisi has made sure the chamber will be subservient to his will so that he can press ahead with his policies without serious political opposition. A quiescent chamber harkens back to the days of Mubarak, when election after election during his 29-year rule gave his National Democratic Party an overwhelming majority amid credible claims of rigging, fraud and police interference.

Under a new election law el-Sisi decreed last year, 448 of the house's 596 seats will be contested by "individuals" candidates not linked to any political group. Critics say the system will favor wealthy government-connected businessmen and local powerbrokers, essentially a repeat of the Mubarak-era model. Only 120 lawmakers will be elected on party lists, while el-Sisi will appoint 28 others.

Since taking office after a landslide election win 16 months ago, el-Sisi has waged a high-octane campaign to revive Egypt's ailing economy and assume a greater political and military role in the Middle East all while silencing opposition at home and governing with apparently few checks and balances.

He has spoken vaguely of his democratic convictions, preferring instead to focus public comments on what he sees as the vital need for Egyptians to unite in the face of security and economic challenges. He has repeatedly warned against the chaos and bloodshed engulfing countries in the region like Libya, Iraq, Syria and Yemen.

Emboldened by a population longing for stability after the turmoil that followed Mubarak's ouster, Egyptian authorities under el-Sisi have gradually shown less and less tolerance for dissent. Security forces killed hundreds of Islamists in a series of deadly clashes in the summer of 2013 and jailed thousands more, of whom scores have been sentenced to death after trials criticized by rights groups as flawed.

Restrictions on demonstrations have all but killed street activism, while human rights abuses by police go mostly unpunished and authorities have shown little concern over recent cases of young pro-democracy or Brotherhood-linked activists disappearing.

Another Giza voter, Cairo University civil engineering professor Ali Abdel-Azeem, said he voted for the best known pro-el-Sisi party list. "But honestly no one has a program and they are all saying the same thing," he said.

Others were convinced that little will change with a new parliament, pointing to years of unfulfilled promises by candidates or a perceived lack of compassion by successive governments.

The daily grind of navigating Egypt's seemingly endless problems was on some minds.

"Not a single candidate even mentioned the water problem here," said Sumaya Saleh, a pharmacy sales assistant who works near an Imbaba polling station but is abstaining from the vote. She held a cup of murky tap water to make her point.

"The only people voting are the rich or the ignorant," she went on. "The former because parliament will serve their interests and the latter because they just do whatever they are told to do."