Syria could face severe bread shortages for the first time since the start of the war, another challenge for the Bashar Assad regime as it grapples with an economic meltdown and fresh U.S. sanctions, a U.N. official, activists and farmers said.
Any major disruptions to Syria's bread subsidy system could undermine the regime and threaten a population highly dependent on wheat as rampant inflation drives up food prices.
"There is already some evidence of people cutting out meals," said Mike Robson, Syria representative for the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
"... If the currency continues under pressure, imports will be difficult to obtain and the months leading up to the 2021 wheat harvest may see real shortages."
Syria's economy is collapsing under the weight of its complex, multisided conflict, now in its 10th year, and a financial crisis in neighboring Lebanon, choking off a vital source of dollars.
Soaring prices have made life harder for Syrians ravaged by a war that has killed hundreds of thousands and displaced millions.
In the past six months alone, the number of "food insecure" people in Syria is estimated to have risen from 7.9 million to 9.3 million, according to World Food Programme data.
"My 50,000-pound (monthly) salary ($21 on the informal market) is barely enough for a few days and I am living on debt. People are selling their furniture ... In our lives this has never happened," said state employee Yara.
The United States in June imposed its most sweeping sanctions on Syria yet. Washington says the Caesar Act excludes humanitarian aid and aims to hold Assad and his regime accountable for war crimes.
Regime officials blame Western sanctions for widespread hardship among ordinary citizens.
The Syrian pound, which held steady at around 500 to the dollar for several years, went into free fall last year, hitting a low of 3,000 in June, in anticipation of fresh sanctions.
That currency drop is hindering Assad's plans for buying up all of this year's wheat to make up for a shortfall in imports that is drawing down on strategic reserves.
Before the war, Syria could boast more than a year of wheat reserves.
Abdullah, a confectionary trader from Damascus, has never seen poverty on this scale.
"We had always been self-sufficient. Why we have reached this point where even a loaf will soon become a dream, I really don't know," he told Reuters in a text.
BREAD POLITICS
The main wheat regions in the country remain in the hands of PKK/YPG-led terrorists who seized vast territory from Daesh terrorists.
Syria has had drastically lower output since the conflict erupted. It used to produce 4 million tons in a good year and was able to export 1.5 million tons.
This year, Syria is estimated by the FAO to have produced between 2.1 million and 2.4 million tons. The regime expects to have produced 2.8 million tons.
Demand across the country is around 4 million tons, leaving a shortfall to fill from abroad.
But international import tenders conducted by the state's main grain buyer, Hoboob, have repeatedly failed since last year.
While food is not restricted by Western sanctions, banking restrictions and asset freezes have made it difficult for most trading houses to do business with Syria.
With major grain traders out of the equation, the Assad regime relied on businessmen to conclude transactions to sustain the bread subsidies.
"They import quantities to Lebanon and then take it to Syria by land unless it is Russia giving direct shipments, government to government, then they can deliver to (the port of) Latakia," said Ayman Abdel Nour, a U.S.-based political analyst.
"Now that window has closed with the problems in Lebanon."
Reuters data shows that since June 2019, Hoboob has issued at least 10 international tenders for between 100,000 and 200,000 tons of wheat, failing to report results for most.
Youssef Kassem, the head of Hoboob, has been quoted by media as stating that 1.2 million tons of Russian wheat imports were contracted throughout 2019 amounting to $310 million. Reuters could not independently verify that information.
Hoboob tried to barter some of Syria's durum wheat, used in making pasta, for soft bread-making wheat twice in September 2019, with no result announced.
When bread lines started to get longer in regime-held areas around March, Russia was urged to send the full amount of the 100,000 tons of wheat it had promised as humanitarian aid since 2019.
"Maybe for the first time since the start of the Syrian uprising, you basically had a shortage of subsidized bread in ovens and that led to the development of a thriving black market," Elizabeth Tsurkov, a fellow at the U.S.-based Foreign Policy Research Institute think tank and a Syria expert, said.
Russia, the world's largest wheat exporter, has been a steady supplier of wheat to Syria, but the size of its wheat aid has not met demand.
Russian customs data does not show supplies to Syria, and the size of real supplies varies wildly.
"The supplies are going on. There are, however, problems with the payment and availability of vessels ready to deliver to this destination," a Russian industry source told Reuters.
The source estimated only about 150,000 tons of commercial wheat had reached Syria between July 2019 and May 2020.
RACE FOR RESERVES
The regime blamed bread lines on technicalities and with the start of its wheat-buying season in June announced it would buy every single grain of its local crop.
By mid-June, Hoboob said it had so far procured around 212,000 tons. FAO estimates that around 700,000 tons of the total crop lie in the regime-controlled territory this year.
But the three provinces which account for over 70% of production lie mostly in the hands of the YPG terrorists.
The YPG is the PKK terrorist group's Syrian offshoot.
The regime has historically lured farmers to sell their crop by paying a higher price than its rivals, even as the wheat remained in areas outside its control.
This year, with the collapse of the Syrian pound, it has upped its price from the 225 pounds a kilo announced at the beginning of the season to 425 pounds.