The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on Tuesday sharply downgraded the outlook for the world economy this year, citing Russia's war in Ukraine and warned that inflation was now a "clear and present danger" for many countries.

The 190-country lender blamed Moscow's invasion for disrupting global commerce, pushing up oil prices, threatening food supplies and increasing uncertainty already heightened by the coronavirus and its variants.

The war is expected to further increase inflation, the IMF said in its latest World Economic Outlook, warning that a further tightening of Western sanctions on Russia to target energy exports would cause another major drop in global output.

The IMF cut its forecast for global growth to 3.6% this year, a steep falloff from 6.1% last year and from the 4.4% growth it had expected for 2022 back in January.

It also said it expects the world economy to grow 3.6% again next year, slightly slower than the 3.8% forecast in January.

Medium-term global growth is expected to decline to about 3.3% over the medium-term, compared to an average of 4.1% in the period from 2004 to 2013 and a growth of 6.1% in 2021.

War impacts

The war – and the darkening outlook – came just as the global economy shook off the impact of the highly infectious omicron variant.

"What has Russia's invasion of Ukraine cost? A crisis on top of a crisis, with devastating human costs and a massive setback for the global economy," IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva told a food security panel on Tuesday.

The IMF has estimated that Ukraine's GDP will collapse by 35% this year, while Russia's output will shrink by 8.5%, while emerging and developing Europe, including both countries, will contract by 2.9%.

But IMF chief economist Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas told a news briefing that a tightening of sanctions against Russia to include restrictions on energy exports could double Russia's GDP declined to 17% by 2023.

The IMF said other risks to the outlook include a sharper-than-expected deceleration in China prompted by a flare-up of COVID-19 lockdowns.

Rising prices for food, energy and other goods could trigger social unrest, particularly in vulnerable developing countries, the IMF said.

'Seismic waves'

"The war will slow economic growth and increase inflation," Gourinchas told reporters on Tuesday.

"The war adds to the series of supply shocks that have struck the global economy in recent years. Like seismic waves, its effects will propagate far and wide – through commodity markets, trade, and financial linkages," Gourinchas said.

U.S. economic growth is expected to drop to 3.7% this year from 5.7% in 2021, the fastest growth since 1984.

The new forecast marks a downgrade from the 4% the IMF had predicted at the beginning of the year.

Hobbling U.S. growth this year will be Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate increases meant to combat resurgent inflation and an economic slowdown in key American trading partners.

Europe, heavily dependent on Russian energy, will bear the brunt of the economic fallout from the Russia-Ukraine war.

For the 19 countries that share the euro currency, the IMF forecasts collective growth of 2.8% in 2022, down sharply from the 3.9% expected in January and from 5.3% last year.

The IMF expects the growth of the Chinese economy, the world’s second-biggest, to decelerate to 4.4% this year from 8.1% in 2021.

Beijing’s zero-COVID-19 strategy has meant draconian lockdowns in bustling commercial cities like Shanghai and Shenzhen.

Some commodity-exporting countries benefiting from the rising price of raw materials will likely defy the trend toward slower growth.

For example, the IMF raised its growth forecast for oil producer Nigeria – to 3.4% this year from the 2.7% the fund said it expected back in January.

The world economy had bounced back with surprising strength from 2020’s brief but brutal coronavirus recession. But the rebound presented problems of its own: Caught by surprise, businesses scrambled to meet a surge in customer orders, which overwhelmed factories, ports and freight yards. The result: long shipping delays and higher prices.

The IMF forecasts a 5.7% jump in consumer prices in the world’s advanced economies this year, the most since 1984. In the United States, inflation is running at a four-decade high.

Central banks are raising interest rates to counter rising prices, a move that could choke off economic growth.

By driving up prices of oil, natural gas and other commodities, the Russia-Ukraine war has made their task of fighting inflation while preserving the economic recovery even trickier.

The conflict also has "triggered the biggest refugee crisis in Europe since World War II," the IMF noted, and cut supplies and raised prices of fertilizer and grain produced in Russia and Ukraine, threatening food security in Africa and in the Middle East.

In a speech last week, IMF's Georgieva warned of the threat of "more hunger, more poverty and more social unrest."

The IMF emphasized the uncertainty surrounding its forecasts and the difficulty governments and central banks face in trying to adjust to rapidly changing circumstances.

"The war may get worse. The sanctions may tighten up. COVID may roam again around the world," Georgieva said on Tuesday. "For policymakers – a tough time."