The flows of U.S. trade are shifting, driven by pandemic shocks and conflicts with China, but attempts to lower the dependency between the world’s two biggest economies have not yet led to a swift decoupling.
While security concerns have escalated and U.S. imports from China fell after Washington and Beijing imposed tit-for-tat tariffs, trade has since climbed again.
The numbers could rise further when 2022 trade data is released next month, pointing to how closely the world’s two biggest economies are interlaced.
But experts say tensions have left their mark in other ways.
"U.S. imports from China are well below the trend they were on before the trade war started," said Mary Lovely, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE).
"There is a turn away from China in U.S. imports, especially or primarily in those goods on which the U.S. raised tariffs," she told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
After the trade war started, the value of America’s goods imported from China dropped from $506 billion in 2017 to around $450 billion in 2019.
Bilateral relations are not the only factors affecting trade. The pandemic took a heavy toll as well.
Last November, China saw its sharpest drop in exports since the start of COVID-19, with business activity slammed by a strict zero-COVID policy.
Also, weighing on imports is an "ongoing shift in the U.S. away from spending on goods," said Ryan Sweet of Oxford Economics.
Americans spent heavily on imported products during the pandemic, but "people are going back out and spending on services" as virus concerns ease, he said.
This cuts into the demand for goods and can help explain why numbers have not surged more.
Diversification, not decoupling
For now, U.S. government figures through to November show total U.S.-China trade could approach or hit a high in 2022.
"Going forward, you’re going to see more diversification," as opposed to a complete cut-off of shipments from China, said Sweet.
Auto manufacturers, for example, experienced supply chain problems during the pandemic.
Increasing climate-related disruptions are also "raising the risks of overconcentrated supply chains in one firm or one geographic area," said Robert Koopman, a lecturer at American University and a former World Trade Organization (WTO) chief economist.
Meanwhile, the U.S. is trying to be more self-reliant in specific sectors like semiconductors.
"The recent (Inflation Reduction Act) and Chips Act, and related sanctions are clear indicators of the Biden administration’s efforts to decouple from China" in these areas, said Koopman.
Emily Benson, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), added: "As companies reassess risk and review the current state of their supply chains, one consistent outcome is movement ... away from China to other countries."
These could be countries in Southeast Asia or closer to the United States.
"While this trend is growing, it resembles sand leaking out of a bag more than it does a tsunami," she told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
It is likely "too early" for definitive comments on industries. Still, U.S. export controls "are going to force some decoupling" over time in technology or areas where semiconductors are essential, Benson said.
‘Substitution’
Lovely of PIIE noted that some business has moved from China to countries like Vietnam or Mexico.
"There’s been some substitution of suppliers," she said, adding that it is fueled partly by Chinese investors who have opened factories outside their home country.
"In Mexico, it’s a different story," Lovely added. "There has been some Chinese investment, but a lot of it is multinationals who were moving closer to the U.S.."
But Koopman cautioned that countries like Mexico would need domestic reforms to boost competitiveness and lower implicit trade costs, to reap more significant benefits.
U.S. goods imports from the European Union are also catching up, with year-to-date numbers for 2022 reaching $504.4 billion in November. This was above the $499.5 billion of goods from China over the same period.
But economists point to a post-COVID-19 uptick in commercial activity worldwide to explain the trend.
"These figures are a small snapshot and are more likely representative of the global economy returning to pre-pandemic levels than any specific decoupling movement," said Benson.
As China recovers from an infections surge after easing COVID-19 rules, it expects a noticeable rise in imports, said Vice Premier Liu He, speaking this month in Davos, Switzerland.