Germany's problematic dependence on Russian gas has been exposed with rising tensions with Moscow over Ukraine, inflaming an already heated debate over soaring energy prices.
As Germany pursues its target to transition to cleaner energy sources over the next decade, Europe's biggest economy has counted on gas temporarily filling the gap while it builds up its sun and wind energy capacity to replace nuclear and coal plants.
But with Russia now providing 55% of Germany's gas imports – up from 40% in 2012 – Berlin's best-laid plans may well go awry if Moscow were to march on Ukraine.
With gas making up 26.7% of Germany's total energy consumption and heating one in every two households, Chancellor Olaf Scholz's government has admitted that if sanctions had to be imposed on Russia, they will also hit the German economy.
More precisely, the controversial Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which was set to double supplies of cheap natural gas from Russia to Germany, now hangs in the balance.
In a warning hailed by the United States as "very, very strong," German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock has said the pipeline will be part of a sanctions package if Russia made a move on Ukraine.
Energy security
Long viewed as a problem by Western allies and Ukraine, the 10 billion euro ($12 billion) pipeline had been seen by former Chancellor Angela Merkel's government as a key stop-gap option while Germany shifts to renewables.
But critics have repeatedly warned that it would only serve to increase German dependence on Russian energy, and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has branded it a "dangerous geopolitical weapon of the Kremlin."
Yet weaning Germany off Russian energy will be painful.
"If we give up Russian gas and Nord Stream 2, it won't be lights out immediately, but it will be expensive, it will exacerbate unanswered gas supply questions for the future, and we'll have a problem," warned the chairperson of the mining, chemistry sector union IG BCE, Michael Vassiliadis.
With time pressing, the German government is launching a massive program to build wind turbines covering 2% of the country's land surface and requiring the installation of solar panels on roofs.
"Phasing out the burning of fossil fuels also strengthens Europe in geopolitical terms and protects the climate," Economy Minister Robert Habeck said earlier this month.
But with the nuclear energy phase-out due to be complete by year's end and coal power also to be halted by 2030, Germany will have to make up the difference by raising its gas capacity by a third over the next eight years, according to the Fraunhofer economic institute.
Already, Germany's gas consumption is on the rise. In 2021, it made use of 1.003 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), an increase of 3.9% on the previous year.
But the longer-term strategy does not solve the looming energy emergency at hand.
'Alternative'
To reduce its dependency on Russia in the near future, the government is banking on diversifying its imports.
One "alternative" would be to exhaust the capacity of Europe's liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, a source in the economy ministry said.
This solution, in which fresh imports could be delivered from the United States, Australia or Qatar, would, however, come at a price, the source indicated.
Higher costs could give a fresh push to inflation, which has hit multiyear highs in Germany and the eurozone in recent months.
The situation is not made any easier by Germany's exceptionally low gas reserves, which currently sit below 42% of full capacity.
Nevertheless, the government sought to put a brave face on the issue. Dismissing the risk of an acute shortage, Baerbock said on Friday that sufficient supply was "assured."