Big Tech is confronting its most significant challenge in years as antitrust regulators on both sides of the Atlantic intensify their scrutiny of alleged anti-competitive behaviors, which could lead to orders to break up industry giants like Apple and Alphabet's Google, marking a groundbreaking development for the sector.
That, in turn, could inspire watchdogs around the world to pile on, as evidenced in the growing number of antitrust probes in various countries following the opening of EU and U.S. cases.
Since AT&T was broken up exactly 40 years ago, no company has faced the possibility of a regulator-led breakup in the U.S. until now.
Google has said it disagreed with the EU's accusations, while Apple said the U.S. lawsuit is wrong on the facts and the law.
In 1984, AT&T, also known as Ma Bell, was broken up into seven independent companies called "Baby Bells" to open up one of the most powerful monopolies of the 20th century. AT&T, Verizon and Lumen are currently the only surviving entities.
Regulators now allege companies such as Apple and Google have built impenetrable ecosystems around their products, making it difficult for customers to switch to rival services, which led to the coining of the term walled gardens.
The U.S Department of Justice on Wednesday warned Apple, a $2.7 trillion company, that a breakup order is not excluded as a remedy to restore competition after it teamed up with 15 states to sue the iPhone maker for monopolizing the smartphone market, thwarting rivals and inflating prices.
Even so, it will likely take years to decide the case, which Apple has vowed to fight.
The U.S. actions come on the heels of other mounting threats across Europe this week.
Big Tech will face more scrutiny shortly, with Apple, Meta Platforms, and Alphabet likely to be investigated for potential Digital Markets Act (DMA) violations that could lead to hefty fines and even breakup orders for repeated breaches, people with direct knowledge of the matter told Reuters on Thursday, on the condition of anonymity.
EU antitrust chief Margrethe Vestager helped pave the way for drastic measures last year when she accused Google of anti-competitive practices in its money-spinning ad tech business and that it may have to divest its sell-side tools.
She said that requiring Google to sell some of its assets seemed to be the only way to avoid conflicts of interest as it would prevent Google from allegedly favoring its own online digital advertising technology services versus advertisers and online publishers.
Vestager is expected to issue a final decision by the end of the year.
European Parliament lawmaker Andreas Schwab, who was heavily involved in drafting landmark EU DMA tech rules that kicked in this month, said lawmakers want bold action against Big Tech, which flouts rules.
"If they don't comply with the DMA, you can imagine what Parliament will ask for breakups. The ultimate goal is to make markets open and fair and allow more innovation," he said on Friday.
Breaking up is hard to do
It is far from certain that regulators will issue a breakup order as they mull options, and any action may result in a fine. Legal experts also suggested the case against Apple, drawing from the 1998 case against Microsoft, could be more difficult this time.
"In the European Union, there is less of a tradition, with splitting a company seen as a last resort. It has never happened before," said a Commission official, speaking on condition of anonymity.
Apple's highly integrated system would also make a breakup difficult compared with Google, said lawyer Damien Geradin at Geradin Partners, who is advising several app developers in other cases against Apple.
"It seems to me much more complicated. You are talking about something that is integrated, for example you can't force Apple to divest its App Store. That doesn't make sense," he said. He said it would be better to impose behavioral remedies on Apple that obligate it to do certain things, while in the case of Google, a breakup order could target acquisitions made to strengthen its key services.
"What's more likely is they (DOJ) go for remedies like opening up hardware functionality or making sure developers aren't being discriminated against in terms of pricing," said Max von Thun, director of advocacy group Open Markets.
"I think they want to say that everything's on the table, but it doesn't necessarily mean they'll choose that path," he said.
Apple earns most of its nearly $400 billion-a-year revenue from selling hardware – iPhones, Macs, iPads, and Watches – followed by its Services business, which brings in roughly $100 billion a year.
Structural remedies such as breakups will ultimately be tested in courts, said Assimakis Komninos, partner at law firm White & Case.
"I would say that experiences of imposed structural measures, such as breakups, are not many, but the small past experience shows that this is very tricky, aside from the formidable legal challenges," he said.