Feral and pet cats kill more than 1 million birds in Australia every day, new research showed Wednesday, with the staggering slaughter driving the decline of many species.
The study, published in the journal Biological Conversation, estimated that feral cats wiped out 316 million every year, while pets killed 61 million annually.
"Everyone knows that cats kill birds, but this study shows that, at a national level, the amount of predation is staggering," lead researcher John Woinarski from Charles Darwin University said.
"It is likely to be driving the ongoing decline of many species."
The numbers are based on results from nearly 100 studies across the country by environmental scientists, each sampling cat population density. Another set of almost 100 studies assessed feline diet.
Woinarski said that while previous research had looked at the impact cats had on Australia's mammals, this was the first nationwide assessment on birds.
It found the highest rates of predation were on Australia's islands and in remote arid areas, where the number of birds killed each year could reach 330 per square kilometers.
Feral cats, which number in their millions across the country, are also considered the main culprit behind Australia's high rate of mammal extinction.
They have wiped out entire populations since being introduced by Europeans who settled in the country two centuries ago, with efforts to cull or sterilize them so far failing to slow their march.
The researchers found evidence of cats killing 338 bird types - almost half of Australia's native species, including 71 threatened species such as the spotted quail thrush, squatter pigeon and night parrot.
"We found that the birds most likely to be killed by cats are medium sized birds, birds that nest and feed on the ground, and birds that occur on islands or in woodlands, grasslands and shrublands," Woinarski said.
"For Australian birds, cats are a long-standing, broad-scale and deeply entrenched problem that needs to be tackled more effectively."
Australia's Threatened Species Commissioner Sebastian Lang called the study "extremely important and of great concern."
"Our knowledge of the impacts of cats on threatened mammals was a major stimulus for our first-ever national Threatened Species Strategy, which prioritized actions to control feral cats," Lang said.
"This new research emphasizes the need to continue working to reduce the impact of cats on our native biodiversity."
Under the government's Threatened Species Strategy, more than 30 million Australian dollars ($23 million) has been mobilized for projects to reduce the impact of feral cats on wildlife.
In June, construction began on a huge cat-free zone in the desert covering 170,500 acres to allow native animals that have been pushed to the brink of extinction by the predator to be reintroduced.