Kept under armed guard in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, the "crown jewels" have been pompous symbols of the British monarch that reached today as the living witnesses of the coronation ceremonies over the centuries.
The Imperial State Crown
The crown was commissioned for king George VI's coronation in 1937. Used for formal events such as the state opening of Parliament, Queen Elizabeth II wore it following her coronation ceremony. The crown bears 2,868 diamonds, 269 pearls, 17 sapphires and 11 emeralds. It weighs 1,060 grams (2.3 pounds) and is 31.5 centimeters (12.4 inches) tall.
The second-largest stone cut from the Cullinan Diamond – the largest diamond ever mined – adorns the front.
The Sovereign's Sceptre
A gold rod with a globe, cross and dove at the top, the scepter's design symbolizes the Christian Holy Spirit. It is associated with the monarch's pastoral role toward the people.
It weighs 1,150 grams and is 110.2 centimeters long.
The Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross
The scepter represents the monarch's temporal power and good governance and complements the spiritual power symbolized by the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross. It weighs 1,170 grams and is 92.2 centimeters long. The largest colorless cut diamond in the world, the Cullinan I, reigns at the top. It weighs 106 grams and is known as the "First Star of Africa." The diamond's weight meant the scepter had to be reinforced in 1910.
The Sovereign's Orb
The orb represents the monarch's power and the Christian world. The gold piece of jewelry is surrounded by a band of diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphire and pearls and is topped with amethyst and a cross. It is 27.5 centimeters high and weighs 1,320 grams.
The gold Ampulla
The eagle-shaped vessel holds the consecrated oil used in coronation ceremonies. The eagle's head comes off to allow oil to be poured into the vessel. The design is based on a legend that the Virgin Mary appeared to medieval English St. Thomas Becket and handed him a golden eagle and oil to anoint future English kings. It weighs 660 grams and measures 20.7 by 10.4 centimeters.
The Spurs
Gold, leather, velvet and gold thread make up one of the most ancient parts of Britain's royal coronation paraphernalia. The use of spurs to represent knighthood in coronations dates back to the coronation of Richard I in 1189.
Spurs were traditionally fastened to the king's feet during coronation ceremonies but presented and placed on the altar for queens.
The Cullinan Diamond
It was the largest diamond ever mined when discovered in South Africa in 1905, weighing 621 grams in its uncut state. The Transvaal government presented it to King Edward VII on his 66th birthday in 1907 as a gesture of reconciliation after the Second Boer War (1899-1902).
Three employees of Asschers of Amsterdam worked 14-hour days for eight months to cut and polish nine large stones from the original gem. When workers began to cut the diamond, the first blow broke the knife rather than the diamond.
St. Edward's Crown
Crown jeweler Robert Viner made it in 1661 for the coronation of king Charles II, after the previous medieval crown was melted down by parliamentarian rebels in 1649 during the English Civil War. Monarchs did not wear the solid gold crown in coronation ceremonies for more than 200 years as it was too heavy. It weighs 2,040 grams and is 30.2 centimeters tall.
Coronation Ring
The ring dates back to the coronation of King William IV in 1831. Queen Victoria did not wear it for her coronation in 1838 as her fingers were too small.
Purple Robe of Estate
Twelve seamstresses from the Royal School of Needlework took 3,500 hours to make it. The robe is made of silk and embroidered with the monarch's cipher, wheat ears and olive branches.
The Stone of Scone
Also known as the "Stone of Destiny," it is the ancient symbol of Scotland's monarchy. The sandstone slab weighs 152 kilograms (335.1 pounds). English king Edward I seized it in 1296 and incorporated it into the throne at Westminster, London. Scottish nationalists stole it from London's Westminster Abbey in 1950 and it later reappeared in Arbroath Abbey, Scotland. It was formally returned to Scotland in 1996. The stone will only leave Scotland again for a coronation at Westminster Abbey.