China's three largest state-owned airlines posted first-half losses for the seventh straight year, hit by soaring jet fuel costs, with a weak summer season dimming the outlook for the rest of the year.

Air China, China Eastern Airlines and China Southern Airlines posted combined first-half net losses of about 8.2 billion yuan ($1.22 billion), having warned last month the figure could ​reach as high as 9 billion yuan.

The losses were a sharp reversal from their combined first quarter ​profit ⁠of 4.82 billion yuan, which was boosted by strong Lunar New Year demand, and sent their shares lower in mainland China and Hong Kong trading on Monday.

Flag carrier Air China reported a net loss of 2.3 billion yuan, widening from a 1.81 billion yuan loss a year earlier. China Eastern posted a loss of 2.2 billion yuan, versus a 1.43 billion yuan loss in the same period of 2025. China Southern reported a loss of 3.7 billion yuan, compared with a loss of 1.53 billion yuan a year earlier.

The weak results underscored the post-pandemic fragility of China's aviation sector, as the trio confronted what China Eastern described as a profit environment "severely undermined" by disrupted international routes and persistently elevated jet fuel prices linked to the Middle East conflict.

Fuel costs at each of the carriers rose between 35% and 38% in the first half.

Unlike many Asian and European rivals, Chinese airlines hedge ⁠little ⁠of their fuel purchases, leaving them more exposed to oil price swings. China Southern said in its filing there was currently "no effective means available" to manage its exposure to jet fuel price fluctuations.

Revenue growth was strong at the carriers, with Air China up 10.5%, China Eastern up 11.1% and China Southern up 9.7%, driven by international demand. European routes were particularly buoyant as some travelers avoided Middle Eastern hubs disrupted by the Iran war.

But weaker economic conditions and competition from high-speed rail and driving holidays have hindered their ability to make substantial domestic fare hikes like those seen in the U.S. market without depressing demand.

Although jet fuel prices have fallen from their second quarter peak, they remain more than 50% above prewar levels.

Typhoon disruptions

The third quarter, typically ⁠the most profitable for Chinese carriers, has so far offered little relief, with an unusually strong typhoon season disrupting domestic routes during the peak summer travel period.

Meteorological data shows 21 typhoons have formed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea so far this year, nine more than the historical ​average for the same period.

Aviation data firm Flight Master projected traffic carried by Chinese airlines on domestic and international routes would fall ​3.6% year-over-year to 142 million passengers in July and August. That would mark the first contraction in the peak season since 2022, when much of China was locked down during the pandemic.

HSBC analysts expect China's three biggest carriers to ⁠post combined losses of ‌about 16.8 ‌billion yuan in 2026, compared with the market expectation for a combined profit of 1.3 ⁠billion yuan.

Shanghai-listed shares of all three carriers have fallen at least 36% so far ‌in 2026 as weaker domestic travel demand has continued to pressure their profit outlooks, and none declared an interim dividend.

The trio did report expanding their fleets of ​domestically made COMAC jets. China Eastern grew its ⁠fleet of narrow-body planes to 17 after taking three deliveries in the first half. Air ⁠China and China Southern each operated 11 C919s, having taken two and three deliveries respectively in the period.

China Eastern said it ⁠expected to receive 13 fewer ​C919 deliveries than previously forecast between 2026 and 2028. Air China maintained its earlier forecast and China Southern did not disclose a forecast in its interim report.