Türkiye marked the 570th anniversary of the conquest of Istanbul on Monday, hailing it as the momentous start of a new era.
Istanbul, a cosmopolitan city, was besieged 28 times throughout history before its conquest in 1453 by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II.
In recognition of his victory, the 21-year-old ruler was thereafter known as Mehmed the Conqueror.
In a prophecy about Istanbul's conquest by a Muslim ruler, the Prophet Muhammad said: "Konstantiniye will surely be conquered; what a good commander is the conqueror, what a good soldier is the conqueror."
A morning prayer was held in Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque with the participation of Ali Erbaş, the head of Türkiye's top religious body Diyanet, Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu and Istanbul Governor Ali Yerlikaya.
Meanwhile, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on the occasion of the conquest shared on social media: "I congratulate the 570th anniversary of the conquest of Istanbul, which (stands as) the stamp engraved in history that Anatolia will remain as the eternal Turkish homeland. With mercy, I commemorate (Sultan Mehmed II) and his heroic army, who were blessed to receive the good news of our Prophet and who opened and closed an age."
Path to conquest
On the night of April 21-22, 1453, 67 small- and medium-sized ships were moved to the Golden Horn – the primary inlet of the Turkish Straits – by soldiers and transport animals through the bed of the Kabataş Stream, which poured into the Tophane Port.
The first walls of the city were built in 657 B.C. Roman Emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) demolished these walls during one of the city's invasions and built a wall that ended near Hagia Sophia, including the Sarayburnu and later Sultan Ahmet Square.
During the reign of Constantinus (306-337), the city – from the Marmara coast to the Golden Horn – was surrounded by city walls for the third time.
All preparations for the conquest of Istanbul were carried out in Edirne, just west of Istanbul. Mehmed II set off from Edirne.
Venetian commander Bartolomeo Soligo, fighting for the Byzantines, closed off the entrance of the Golden Horn by laying a chain at the entrance to its inner harbor.
Mehmed II and the Ottoman Army drew near Istanbul. The army had nearly 80,000 soldiers. The siege started with the firing of a big cannon. The Ottoman Navy was also there with 145 ships, including 12 galleys and 25 transport ships, as well as small boats.
Ottoman ships were moved to the Golden Horn via land. Capt. Giorcomo Coco, who was tasked with burning the Ottoman ships in the Golden Horn, failed and died inside his sinking vessel.
Ottoman ships attacked to lift the chain at the entrance of the Golden Horn, but the attack failed. While attacks on the Istanbul walls continued, a tunnel was dug to enter the city.
When the sounds of the excavations were heard in the city, the Byzantines noticed it and blocked the tunnel.
Mehmed II sent one last envoy to the emperor, but his offer was rejected. The seventh tunnel Ottoman soldiers dug also failed. Mehmed II concluded that digging tunnels would cost many lives.
The Ottoman Army started an offensive in the early hours of May 29. The Ottomans carried out the last assault in three waves. During the first two hours, Bashi-bazouks attacked the walls, and soon after Anatolian troops replaced them.
Finally, elite Janissaries – the backbone of the army – stepped in. In the morning, the Ottoman soldiers managed to enter through the Kerkoporta door and erected the Ottoman flag on the bastion above the door.
Mehmed II entered the city on the afternoon of the first day of the conquest. He went to Hagia Sophia – now a mosque – and prayed there, saying: "My throne is Istanbul from now on."
Istanbul was conquered after a siege that lasted for 54 days with intervals.
The conquest ended the 1,058-year-old Byzantine Empire, brought the Middle Ages to a close, and made Istanbul the proud new capital of the Ottoman Empire.