It is easy to assume that health care workers would agree and abide with the COVID-19 mandate issued by their respective governments, however, many are often surprised by their reluctance to do so.

In France, around 3,000 health workers have been suspended because they were not vaccinated. In Greece, health workers have protested against mandatory vaccination plans. Similar scenes have played out in Canada and New York State.

In Australia, health workers have reportedly joined protests in Melbourne and Perth. A small number of unvaccinated staff members are challenging vaccination mandates in the New South Wales (NSW) Supreme Court. Beyond the hospital sector, there are reports of staff members leaving the aged care sector following the introduction of mandates.

Hesitancy among health workers broadly reflects concerns in the wider community. But the risks of being unvaccinated in health settings mean we should acknowledge these concerns and support informed decision-making.

Over 90% of health workers in NSW and Victoria have received a COVID-19 vaccine. But there remains a small percentage of people who work at hospitals and other clinical settings who are vaccine-hesitant or want to choose the vaccine they receive.

NSW health figures suggest that currently, about 7% (or 7,350 staff members) remain unvaccinated.

Internationally, the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in health workers ranges from 4.3% to 72% (average 23%).

In the U.S., one in four hospital workers in direct contact with patients had not received a single dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by the end of May.

A study conducted in the first few months of this year found while most health workers intended to accept a COVID-19 vaccine, 22% were unsure or did not intend to vaccinate. These findings tallied with a study in Italy that found 33% of health workers were unsure or did not intend to vaccinate.

The top three reasons for health workers to be hesitant echo the same concerns expressed by some in the wider community: vaccine safety, efficacy and side effects.

Earlier surveys overseas showed less than a third of health workers felt they had enough information around COVID-19 vaccines. And, just like the wider community, health workers are vulnerable to misinformation and sometimes have insufficient understanding about how vaccines are developed.

While hospital patients are more likely to be the source of hospital COVID-19 outbreaks, unvaccinated health and aged care workers still pose a risk to patient and resident safety. Transmission of COVID-19 to or between unvaccinated health workers poses a risk to the wider community including their families and friends.

Beyond the risk of transmission, there is also the impact vaccine-hesitant health workers have on wider vaccine confidence. Health workers are seen as credible sources of information and are trusted by the community.

There are videos on social media, YouTube and TikTok of individual health workers speaking about the COVID-19 vaccines, often repeating misinformation regarding the safety or effectiveness of the vaccines or expressing uncertainty. The potential impact of these viral videos may be heightened compared to those featuring speakers who don’t work in health professions. University of Washington researcher Rachel Moran, who examines internet misinformation, says such health workers are leveraging the credibility of medical professionals to create a false impression that there is considerable debate about COVID-19 vaccines among doctors and nurses when, in reality, there is a consensus about their efficacy and safety.

Moving forward, we must acknowledge three things when it comes to health workers and vaccine hesitancy:

While there is a moral imperative and duty of care for health workers to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, we should ensure unvaccinated staff members have the opportunity to discuss vaccines in a non-judgemental way.

As with the general public, we need to find out who health workers trust and connect them with trusted resources to alleviate their fears. This might be done via hospital websites, discussions with their primary health care providers or evidence-based information.

Unlike the community setting, there has been a gap in funding to develop and test resources and interventions focused on supporting health and aged care worker vaccine uptake.

Understanding the specific strategies that work to support vaccine uptake, without having to move directly to mandates, is important from not only a patient safety perspective but an occupational health and safety lens.

These findings are relevant for COVID-19 and other occupational vaccine programs.

Prior to introducing a mandate, there needs to be an adequate supply and equitable access to vaccines. We need to ensure people have the opportunity to review vaccine safety and effectiveness data and to get the vaccine of their free will.

Careful planning, consultation and communication with key groups can improve the acceptability of mandates.

In the coming weeks, more health workers are likely to resign or be dismissed for failing to comply with the COVID-19 mandates. There will be those in social media who will call out the situation as the "right move." But some health workers will become privately or publicly vocal on the issue and will cast doubt on the vaccine. It is important we prepare for these situations, especially in regional areas where there may be fewer voices and greater trust in long-serving health workers.