Türkiye climbed up in United Nations Human Development Index ranking of 191 countries. The index released on Thursday placed the country in the "very high human development" category.

The index is a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three basic dimensions of human development: A long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. Türkiye was in the 54th spot in the 2020 edition of the index, among 189 countries.

Between 1990 and 2021, Türkiye achieved progress in all three basic dimensions. During that period, life expectancy at birth in the country increased by approximately 8.3 years while schooling years increased by 4.2 years. Gross national income per capita also increased by 139% during this time. The country, however, fell back to 65th place among 170 countries in terms of gender equality, with men benefiting more in terms of human development.

The report argues that an unprecedented array of crises, chiefly among them COVID-19, has set human progress back five years and fueled a global wave of uncertainty.

For the first time since it was created over 30 years ago, the Human Development Index has declined for two years straight, in 2020 and 2021. "It means we die earlier, we are less well educated, our incomes are going down," United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) chief Achim Steiner told Agence France-Presse (AFP) in an interview. "Just under three parameters, you can get a sense of why so many people are beginning to feel desperate, frustrated, worried about the future," he said.

The Human Development Index has steadily risen for decades, but began sliding in 2020 and continued its fall in 2021, erasing the gains of the preceding five years, the paper says.

Titled "Uncertain times, unsettled lives," the report points to the COVID-19 pandemic as a major driver of the global reversion, but also says that a compounding number of crises, political, financial and climate-related, have not allowed time for populations to recover. "We've had disasters before. We've had conflicts before. But the confluence of what we're facing right now is a major setback to human development," said Steiner. The setback is truly global, impacting more than 90% of countries around the world, according to the study.

Switzerland, Norway and Iceland all retain their spots at the top of the list, while South Sudan, Chad and Niger sit at the bottom. And while some countries had begun to recover from the pandemic, many others in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and the Caribbean had not yet turned the corner before a new crisis hit: the war in Ukraine.

While the fallout from Russia's invasion of Ukraine on food and energy security has not yet been calculated into this year's index, "without any doubt, the outlook for 2022 is grim," Steiner said.

A large contributor to the Human Development Index's recent decline is a global drop in life expectancy, down from 73 years in 2019 to 71.4 years in 2021. The report's lead author, Pedro Conceicao, described the decrease as an "unprecedented shock," noting that some countries, the United States included, had drops of two years or more. The report also describes how transformational forces, such as climate change, globalization and political polarization, present humanity with a complex level of uncertainty "never seen in human history," leading to rising feelings of insecurity.

"People have lost trust in one another," said Steiner. "Never mind in institutions, our neighbor now becomes sometimes the greatest threat, whether literally speaking in the community, or globally by nations, that is paralyzing us." "We can't continue with the playbook of the last century," Steiner argued, preferring a focus on economic transformation rather than a reliance on growth as a panacea. "Frankly speaking, the transformations we now need require us to introduce the metrics of the future: low carbon, less inequality, greater sustainability."

The report strikes a positive note as well, saying that improvements could be made by focusing on three main areas: investments in renewable energy and preparation for future pandemics, insurance to absorb shocks, and innovations to strengthen the capacity to cope with future crises.

Steiner also called for a reversal in the recent downward trend of development assistance to the most vulnerable countries. Continuing down that road would be a grave error, said Steiner, and "underestimates the impact it has on our ability to work together as nations."