The U.S. economy shrank in the first quarter, the first drop in three years, official data showed on Wednesday, weighed down by a deluge of goods imported by businesses eager to avoid higher costs, underscoring the disruptive nature of President Donald Trump's often chaotic tariff policy.
Gross domestic product (GDP) contracted at a 0.3% annualized rate from January through March, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis said in its advance estimate.
Trump was quick to try to pin the blame on his Democratic predecessor, Joe Biden. He said Americans should be patient, arguing that his tariffs would eventually lead to a boom in the U.S. economy.
The January-March drop in gross domestic product – the nation's output of goods and services – reversed a 2.4% gain in the last three months of 2024.
Imports grew at a 41% pace, the fastest since 2020, and shaved 5 percentage points off first-quarter growth. Consumer spending also slowed sharply – 1.8% growth from 4% in October to December last year. Federal government spending plunged 5.1% in the first quarter.
Forecasters surveyed by the data firm FactSet had, on average, expected the economy to eke out 0.8% growth in the first quarter, but many expected GDP to fall.
Financial markets sank on the report. The Dow Jones tumbled 400 points at the opening bell shortly after the GDP numbers were released. The S&P 500 dropped 1.5% and the Nasdaq composite fell 2%.
The surge in imports – fastest since 1972 outside COVID-19 economic disruptions – is likely to reverse in the second quarter, removing a weight on GDP. For that reason, Paul Ashworth of Capital Economics forecasts that April-June growth will rebound to a 2% gain.
Trade deficits reduce GDP. But that’s mainly a matter of mathematics. GDP is supposed to count only what’s produced domestically. So imports – which the government counts as consumer spending in the GDP report when you buy, say, Swiss chocolates – have to be subtracted out to keep them from artificially inflating domestic production.
And other aspects of Wednesday’s GDP report suggested that the economy looked solid at the start of the year.
A category within the GDP data that measures the economy’s underlying strength rose at a healthy 3% annual rate from January through March, up from 2.9% in the fourth quarter of 2024. This category includes consumer spending and private investment but excludes volatile items like exports, inventories and government spending.
Still, many economists say that Trump’s massive import taxes – the erratic way he’s rolled them out – will hurt growth in the second half of the year and that recession risks are rising.
“We think the downturn of the economy will get worse in the second half of this year," wrote Carl Weinberg, chief economist at High Frequency Economics. “Corrosive uncertainty and higher taxes – tariffs are a tax on imports – will drag GDP growth back into the red by the end of this year.’'
Wednesday's report also showed an increase in prices that is likely to worry the Federal Reserve (Fed), which is still trying to cool inflation after a severe pandemic run-up.
The Fed's favored inflation gauge – the personal consumption expenditures, or PCE, price index – rose at an annual rate of 3.6%, up from 2.4% in the fourth quarter. Excluding volatile food and energy prices, so-called core PC inflation registered 3.5%, compared with 2.6% from October to December. The central bank wants to see inflation at 2%.
The first-quarter GDP numbers "highlight the bind that the Federal Reserve is in," Ryan Sweet of Oxford Economics wrote in a commentary.
The Fed must weigh whether to cut interest rates to support economic growth or leave rates high because of elevated inflation. "The economy was essentially stagnant in the first three months of the year while growth in headline and core inflation accelerated, fanning concerns of stagflation."
Trump inherited a solid economy that had grown steadily despite high interest rates imposed by the Fed in 2022 and 2023 to fight inflation. His erratic trade policies – including 145% tariffs on China – have paralyzed businesses and threatened to raise prices and hurt consumers.
Minutes after the release of the GDP data, Trump pointed his finger at Biden as the stock market fell Wednesday morning.
"This is Biden's Stock Market, not Trump's," the Republican president, who took office in January, posted on his social media site.
"Tariffs will soon start kicking in, and companies are starting to move into the USA in record numbers. Our Country will boom, but we have to get rid of the Biden 'Overhang.' This will take a while, has NOTHING TO DO WITH TARIFFS."
Trump added: "This will take a while, has NOTHING TO DO WITH TARIFFS, only that he left us with bad numbers, but when the boom begins, it will be like no other. BE PATIENT!!!"
But the GDP report gives Democrats ammunition to claim that Trump's policies could shove the economy into a recession.
"Trump has been in office for only 100 days, and costs, chaos and corruption are already on the rise," said Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Ore. "The economy is slowing, prices are going up, and middle-class families are feeling the pinch."
Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts said: "100 days into his presidency, Donald Trump's red-light, green-light tariffs are shrinking our economy, with businesses stockpiling imports in anticipation of tariff doomsday.″
There is potential evidence emerging that the solid job market, a pillar of the U.S. economy during the pandemic recession, may be weakening.
On Wednesday, payroll provider ADP reported that companies added just 62,000 jobs in April, about half of what was expected, and down from 147,000 in March. That could be a signal that businesses may be taking a more cautious approach to hiring amid uncertainty over tariffs. Still, the ADP figures often diverge from the government's jobs reports, which arrive Friday.
Employers in the education and health, information technology, and business and professional services industries all cut jobs. Business and professional services include sectors such as engineering, accounting and advertising.
"Unease is the word of the day," said Nela Richardson, chief economist at ADP. "It can be difficult to make hiring decisions in such an environment."
