The collapse of France's latest government pushes the eurozone's second-largest economy further into turmoil, compounding challenges of sluggish growth, rising borrowing costs and a swelling debt load that is among the heaviest in Europe.
Lawmakers' rejection of Prime Minister Francois Bayrou's government in a no-confidence vote on Monday crushed any hope of making serious headway next year on France's budget deficit – the biggest in the eurozone.
Opposition parties toppled the veteran centrist over his plans for a 44-billion-euro ($52-billion) budget squeeze that will now inevitably be heavily watered down by whoever President Emmanuel Macron taps as his successor.
"There is no upside scenario, there is no way out, there is no credible scenario where you end up with the same amount of fiscal consolidation," said Frederik Ducrozet, head of macroeconomic research at Pictet Wealth Management.
Finance Minister Eric Lombard has acknowledged the next government, which must draft a 2026 budget by Oct. 7, would be less ambitious than Bayrou, a longtime debt hawk.
Bayrou's successor is also likely to rely more heavily on taxes than spending cuts to reduce the budget deficit, with the Socialists – from whose ranks the next prime minister could come – calling for a 15-billion-euro tax hike on the ultrawealthy.
But financial markets may frown on tax increases, especially broader measures, fearful they may choke off growth – already a worry in Britain.
"What we're increasingly seeing is a reluctance of market participants to buy the taxation route as a viable way to reduce big fiscal deficits," said Russel Matthews, portfolio manager at RBC BlueBay Asset Management, which is betting against French bonds.
"It's just becoming less credible," he said.
Macron is not currently signaling plans to call a snap legislative election, and polls indicate doing so would not necessarily give a majority to any one party and break the deadlock.
With France's politics in chaos and its public finances adrift, households and businesses are already hesitant to spend or invest.
"Retail customers are like companies. The more visibility you have, the more you are able to invest and spend money for the future," automaker Renault's Chief Growth Officer Fabrice Cambolive told Reuters.
Slow growth is particularly problematic for a high-debt country like France, because it cannot simply count on growing its way out from under its debt burden, which reached 3.3 trillion euros in June or 114% of GDP.
That's lower than Greece's 153% or Italy's 138%. But, unlike France, both countries run considerable budget surpluses before taking interest payments into account.
French debt payments are set to reach more than 100 billion euros by 2029 – up from 59 billion in 2024 – becoming the single biggest budget expense if growth slows or deficit reduction is relaxed, the Cour des Comptes audit office warned earlier this year.
Meanwhile, Germany's plans to invest billions of euros in Europe's biggest economy after years of restraint also leave France in an unflattering light.
"The situation is improving everywhere except in France, which has become somewhat of an ugly duckling," said Oxford Economics economist Leo Barincou.
With perennially slow growth and huge debt, Italy had long been Europe's problem child for financial markets, but "now France is clearly becoming that country," he added.
France's bond market, the biggest in the eurozone, was once considered among the main safe alternatives for investors looking beyond Germany.
But since a snap legislative election delivered a hung parliament last year, France has been left paying a higher risk premium on its debt.
France, which faces a credit rating decision from Fitch on Friday, now pays more for longer-term debt than Greece and Spain, countries at the heart of the bloc's 2011 debt crisis, and nearly the same as Italy.
At the start of 2024, Italian 10-year borrowing costs had been more than a whole percentage point higher than France's.
Economist Mathieu Plane at the OFCE think-tank said the biggest risk was that France would have to durably pay a high risk premium amid political deadlock.
"Then few decisions will be made about the long-term, on innovation, education, everything that can make future growth," he said.
