Moscow is planning tax hikes and spending cuts to sustain high defense outlays, as Russia’s economy strains under the burden of financing its war in Ukraine now in its fourth year, officials and economists say.
President Vladimir Putin has rejected suggestions that the war is killing Russia's economy, but the budget deficit is widening as spending mounts, while revenue from oil and gas is declining under pressure from Western sanctions.
Highly anticipated talks between Putin and his U.S. counterpart Donald Trump in Alaska last week did not yield a cease-fire, giving Moscow, which would prefer to move straight to a peace settlement, a strategic boost, but a spending headache.
Russia's economy is cooling, with some officials warning of recession risks, and though interest rates are starting to come down from 20-year highs, its budget deficit has widened to 4.9 trillion rubles ($61 billion), suggesting Russia will struggle to fulfil its current obligations and keep financing the war at its current pace.
"Given the more pessimistic estimates of economic indicators and the decline in oil and gas revenues, we will need to urgently start fiscal consolidation," Anatoly Artamonov, head of the upper house of parliament's budget committee, said in late July.
Budget spending has almost doubled in nominal terms since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, a significant fiscal injection that fueled inflation and forced the central bank to hike rates to as high as 21%, sharply raising corporate borrowing costs.
Combined spending of 17 trillion rubles on defense and national security in 2025 is at its highest since the Cold War, accounting for 41% of total spending and making the defense sector the primary driver of economic growth as civilian output declines.
Putin said in June that Russia plans to reduce military spending, but for now, officials still expect an increase.
"We cannot cut spending on national defence and ... in all likelihood, we will have to increase it," Artamonov said.
The 2025 budget, to be presented in September, provides for defense and security spending at 8% of gross domestic product (GDP), but a Russian government source said the actual figure was slightly higher.
There will be no reduction in defense spending in 2026, the person said, but a decline is possible in 2027 should hostilities cease, as other spending areas fight for resources.
"Even with a cease-fire, shells and drones will still need to be made, but on a slightly smaller scale," the person said, noting that Moscow will need to keep up with higher Western defense spending.
"There will be no return to the level that existed before the 'special military operation,'" the person said.
Artamonov, writing for the RBC daily, suggested Russia may need to reduce non-defense spending by 2 trillion rubles each year until 2028 and redirect those savings to the defense budget.
"In the next three years, we will not have enough means to live as comfortably as we do now," Artamonov said.
This year is the first when total education and healthcare expenditure at the federal and regional level is noticeably decreasing as a share of GDP, said Sergei Aleksashenko, former deputy governor of Russia's central bank and a senior fellow at the NEST Centre in London.
Aleksashenko said he expects tax rises and a spending cut in real terms by indexing expenditure on things like pensions below the inflation rate, which the central bank forecasts at 6%-7% this year.
The government source said raising taxes was unavoidable: "Otherwise, we simply won't be able to make ends meet, even with a reduction in defense spending. Oil and gas revenues are falling and the economy cannot fully compensate for this."
Finance Minister Anton Siluanov hinted at austerity measures as early as April, advising government colleagues "to be modest in their desires" regarding spending.
Deputy Finance Minister Pavel Kadochnikov in July said spending on soldiers fighting in Ukraine and their families was the priority and that Russia should consider "eliminating" non-priority spending.
Budget consolidation ultimately puts more pressure on Russia's economic growth, although a low net debt-to-GDP ratio of around 20% gives Moscow some wiggle room.
"Russia's economy is struggling under the weight of high interest rates and the ongoing war effort," said Liam Peach, senior emerging markets economist at Capital Economics. "A prolonged period of weak growth lies in store."
Analysts expect Russia's budget deficit, which exceeded the full-year target in January-July by over 1 trillion rubles, to be wider than planned.
The government source estimates this year's deficit at around 5 trillion rubles, or 2.5% of GDP.
CentroCreditBank economist Yevgeny Suvorov said the deficit could stretch to 8 trillion rubles as Moscow's spending would require an almost 20% year-over-year real-terms cut in August-December to meet the 2025 spending target of 42.3 trillion rubles.
"The central bank is in no hurry to lower the key rate, including because the budget deficit may be higher than planned," said a senior source familiar with finance ministry plans.
Last week, Putin called Russia's current budget situation stable.
