Major stock indexes from Asian markets to Europe plunged on Monday as U.S. President Donald Trump showed no sign of backing away from his sweeping tariff plans while investors raised bets the mounting risk of recession could see the Federal Reserve (Fed) cutting interest rates as early as May.
Futures markets moved swiftly to price in almost five quarter-point cuts in U.S. rates this year, pulling Treasury yields down sharply and hampering the dollar on safe havens.
The carnage came as Trump told reporters that investors would have to take their "medicine" and he would not do a deal with China until the U.S. trade deficit was sorted out. Beijing declared the markets had spoken on their retaliation plans.
"The only real circuit breaker is President Trump's iPhone and he is showing little sign that the market selloff is bothering him enough to reconsider a policy stance he has believed in for decades," said Sean Callow, a senior FX analyst at ITC Markets in Sydney.
Investors had thought the loss of trillions of dollars in wealth and the likely body blow to the economy would make Trump reconsider his plans.
"The size and disruptive impact of U.S. trade policies, if sustained, would be sufficient to tip a still healthy U.S. and global expansion into recession," said Bruce Kasman, head of economics at JPMorgan, putting the risk of a downturn at 60%.
"We continue to expect a first Fed easing in June," he added. "However, we now think the Committee cuts at every meeting through January, bringing the top of the funds rate target range down to 3.0%."
S&P 500 futures slid nearly 5% in volatile trade, while Nasdaq futures dived 5.7%, adding to last week's almost $6 trillion in market losses.
The pain likewise engulfed Europe, with the broad Stoxx 600 down 5.3% and Germany's DAX down 9.4%.
Recent market darlings were particularly hurt as investors were forced to sell what they owned. Defence stocks tumbled 11.5% with Rheinmetall down 21%.
The European banks index shed 4.8% and is down 20% from its recent closing high.
In Asia, the Hang Seng's 12% drawdown in Hong Kong was the largest since the height of the global financial crisis in 2008.
In mainland China, the blue-chip CSI 300 index was down more than 7%, finding a floor only when state media reported China's sovereign fund Central Huijin was a buyer.
Japan's Nikkei sank 7.8% to hit lows last seen in late 2023, while South Korea dropped 5%. MSCI's gauge of Asia-Pacific shares fell a gut-wrenching 7.8% to head for its largest single-day drop since 2008.
All of emerging Asia was also underwater, with India's Nifty 50 sinking 4%.
The gloomier outlook for global growth kept oil prices under heavy pressure, following steep losses last week.
Brent fell $2.2 to $63.40 a barrel, while U.S. crude dived $2.75 to $59.23 per barrel.
The flight to safe havens saw 10-year Treasury yields drop 9 basis points to 3.90%, while Fed fund futures jumped to price in an extra quarter-point rate cut from the Federal Reserve this year.
Markets swung to imply around a 54% chance the Fed could cut interest rates as soon as May, even though Chair Jerome Powell on Friday said the central bank was in no hurry.
That dovish turn saw the dollar slip another 1% against the safe-haven Japanese yen to 145.16 yen, and 1.45% on the Swiss franc to 0.8484.
The euro rose 0.5% to $1.1005, seemingly benefiting from some nervousness about the dollar, though the trade-exposed Australian dollar dropped a further 0.5%.
Investors were also betting that the imminent threat of recession would outweigh the likely upward shove to inflation from tariffs.
U.S. consumer price figures out later this week are expected to show another rise of 0.3% for March, but analysts assume it is just a matter of time before tariffs push prices sharply higher, for everything from food to cars.
Rising costs will also put pressure on company profit margins, just as the earnings season gets underway with some of the big banks due on Friday. Around 87% of U.S. companies will report between April 11 and May 9.
"We expect during upcoming quarterly earnings calls fewer companies than usual will provide forward guidance for both 2Q and full-year 2025," analysts at Goldman Sachs said in a note.
"Rising tariff rates will force many companies to either raise prices or accept lower profit margins," they warned. "We expect negative revisions to consensus profit margin estimates in coming quarters."
Even gold was swept up in the selloff, easing 0.3% to $3,026 an ounce.
The drop left dealers wondering if investors were taking profits where they could cover losses and margin calls on other assets, in what could turn into a self-feeding fire sale.
