Archaeologists have uncovered 8,000-year-old remains of the black fig for which the Havran district of northwestern Türkiye is known, revealing that the fruit has grown in the region since the Neolithic period.
The carbonized figs were discovered during excavations at Andık Cave, on Kocaçal Hill, about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) from Havran’s Inönü neighborhood.
A carbon-14 analysis conducted at the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye’s Marmara Research Center dated the remains to around 6300 B.C.
Derya Yalçıklı, an archaeology professor at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, is leading the excavations with authorization from the Culture and Tourism Ministry.
The Balıkesir Kuvayi Milliye Museum Directorate, Balıkesir Metropolitan Municipality and Havran Municipality are supporting the project.
Andık Cave, which was discovered in 1949 by archaeologist Kılıç Kökten, reaches a depth of 59 meters (194 feet) and contains several galleries.
Getting to the site presents a daily challenge for the excavation team. Setting out from their excavation house at dawn, the archaeologists travel by off-road vehicle along a trail to Kocaçal Hill.
At the end of the road, they load their water supplies onto a donkey and walk about 500 meters (1,640 feet) through narrow, rugged terrain to reach the cave.
There, the team has uncovered numerous ceramic vessels and tools made of stone and bone. A painting on one of the cave walls depicts a mountain summit and a leopard.
Yalçıklı told Anadolu Agency (AA) that the cave was used over a long period, with its entrance serving both as a storage area and for ritual purposes.
"The use begins mainly in the Early Bronze Age and continues until the middle of the Late Bronze Age. In terms of dates, it covers a period extending to around the middle of 3000 B.C.,” he said.
The team also found evidence of limited use during the Byzantine period, while the earliest evidence of human activity at the site dates to after 6700 B.C.
Yalçıklı said this year’s excavations had revealed better-preserved archaeological layers than initially expected, including habitation areas and floor surfaces.
"We found habitation units and floors, allowing us to identify different levels of occupation,” he said. "The collection consists mainly of bone, stone and cutting tools because these periods saw little or no use of metal.”
The layers provide previously unknown information about prehistoric communities in the part of Balıkesir that extends toward the Aegean region, he added.
"This year, we encountered very interesting floor arrangements. We do not know of many such arrangements inside caves,” he said.
"We have identified inside the cave, in phases before pottery was used, a floor arrangement similar to those constructed in houses. This is a very important result both for the region and for Anatolian archaeology.”
The excavation team also discovered remains of food consumed by the cave’s Neolithic inhabitants, including barley, wheat and figs.
Yalçıklı said the charred fig remains were particularly well preserved and were found in unusually large numbers.
"Havran’s geographically indicated fig is one of the district’s most important products. We found it in a carbonized state,” he said.
"Carbon-14 testing showed that the fig remains date to 6300 B.C. We can therefore say that Havran’s famous fig has existed in this region since the Neolithic period.”
The figs appeared to have been gathered and stored together, suggesting that they formed part of the inhabitants’ diet.
"We find barley, wheat and many other products in these layers, but the figs were preserved very well and their number is quite high,” Yalçıklı said.
"They had been piled up and stored in one place. This shows that figs were among the fruits used for food at the time.”
Havran Mayor Emin Ersoy said the municipality was providing its full support for the excavations and welcomed the discovery.
