Nestled within Oman's arid heartland, the age-old oasis town of Bahla is steeped in captivating legends. Stories of fire-breathing hyenas devouring camels and tales of men transforming into donkeys contribute to its enduring reputation for enchantment and mystique.
Some superstitious Omanis still shun the isolated desert settlement because of its stories of "jinn," the spirits that have been part of Arab folklore since before the dawn of Islam.
Bahla, a quiet town of palm groves and eerie, abandoned mud-brick homes, lies about 200 kilometers (125 miles) southwest of the capital Muscat in Al-Dakiliya governorate, with an imposing double-archway at its entrance.
Here, in one of Oman's oldest inhabited settlements, belief is firm in jinn, described as supernatural beings distinct from humans and angels living alongside mankind.
"We believe that jinn are among the creations of God ... so it is not strange," said tour guide Hamad al-Rabaani at Bahla's medieval fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Magical stories permeate Bahla, including the popular myth that supernatural forces built the 13-kilometer wall around the town in a single night to protect it from invaders.
"The legend is of two sisters, both jinn, one of whom built the wall for protection ... and the other who created an ancient irrigation system for agriculture," said al-Rabaani, 55.
The concept of jinn predates Islam, but descriptions of the spirits feature in Islamic texts, which declare them subjects of God.
Few places, however, are as strongly linked with jinn as Bahla, where "you hear stories of men who suddenly transform into donkeys and other animals," said al-Rabaani.
He said that one older woman often heard someone milking her cow after midnight. But whenever she went to check, she found no one there.
"You hear, but you never see because your mind can't take it."
In Bahla's old souk, or market, as silence descends after mid-day prayers, some residents are uneasy discussing the town's reputation for spirits, fearing it might tarnish its image.
But Mohammad al-Hashemi, a Bahla native in his seventies, said most of his life has been shaped by supernatural beliefs.
As a child, he was told stories of hyenas hungry for camels and with mouths of flames that roamed the desert at night.
"They used to warn us not to go out after sunset because of magic," he told Agence France-Presse (AFP) in an air-conditioned supermarket.
Oral folklore and certain ancient texts say jinn are common in the Arabian Peninsula's far reaches, according to Ali A. Olomi, a professor of Islamic history at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles.
Oman and neighboring Yemen, the peninsula's southernmost countries, "both earn a reputation as not only ancient places with great historical significance but as lands of the jinn," he said.
Part of the reason Bahla is rife with such stories is that it was a remote outpost in ancient times, surrounded by desert and the dramatic Hajar mountains.
"The presence of jinn in places like Bahla can tell us a great deal about the history and culture of the Arabian Peninsula," Olomi said.
"This is a history of a people living in far-off settlements, linked precariously to other human settlements and who keenly feel the presence of nature all around them."
Among younger Omanis, however, not everyone is convinced about the jinn, including Mazen Al Khaterri, a 24-year-old math teacher in Bahla.
"These are just stories told by our grandparents," he said at a cafe in the old souk. "We don't know if they are right or wrong."
But Hasan, a 30-year-old who lives in Muscat, said suspicions of Bahla remain commonplace all the same.
"My family would never let me go," he said, asking to use only his first name to protect his privacy.
"The rumors say it is a city of jinn, where they live and have more freedom."
