Iraqi freedom or democracy remain far-fetched dreams as the country marked Monday 20 years since the start of the U.S.-led invasion that toppled authoritarian ruler Saddam Hussein.
No official celebrations were planned in the oil-rich country, which remains traumatized from the years of war, occupation and bloody sectarian turmoil that followed the operation launched on March 20, 2003.
A semblance of normalcy has returned, but Iraq still battles a range of entrenched challenges – from political instability to poverty and rampant corruption.
Iran, the major Shiite power and archfoe of the United States, now wields much influence in Iraq, whose Shiite majority was largely subdued under Sunni strongman Saddam.
Prime Minister Mohamed Shia al-Sudani, who is backed by a pro-Iranian coalition, has not spoken of the U.S. invasion but only of the "fall of the dictatorial regime" of Saddam, who was later caught, tried and executed.
At a Baghdad conference on the eve of the anniversary, al-Sudani said: "We remember the pain and suffering of our people in those years that were dominated by senseless wars and systematic sabotage."
The U.S. march to the war started under then-president George W. Bush and gained pace in the aftermath of the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks on the United States by Osama bin Laden-led terrorist group Al-Qaida.
Bush, backed by British Prime Minister Tony Blair, argued that Saddam presented a major threat and was developing weapons of mass destruction, although none were ever found.
Operation Iraqi Freedom was launched with a ground invasion led by 150,000 U.S. and 40,000 British forces and the "shock and awe" bombing of strategic sites.
Within three weeks, Saddam's regime had fallen, and the invasion forces took control of the capital Baghdad on April 9.
TV footage beamed around the world soon showed U.S. Marines toppling a giant statue of Saddam, and later Bush declaring the "Mission Accomplished" aboard an American warship.
But the invasion had sparked widespread disorder and looting, chaos deepened by the U.S. decision to disband the Iraqi state, ruling party and military apparatus.
The stated U.S. drive to bring liberal democracy to Iraq was soon derailed by violence and sectarian conflict between Shiite with Sunni armed groups.
By the time U.S. troops left in 2011, the war had claimed the lives of more than 100,000 Iraqi civilians, according to the Iraq Body Count group, while U.S. losses reached nearly 4,500.
The bloodshed would give rise to the Daesh terrorist group, who brought new horrors across Iraq and Syria before its eventual defeat after a U.S.-led coalition returned to help fight them.
In today's Iraq, elections are held, political plurality is encouraged and free expression is officially guaranteed.
But in practice, Iraqi politics remain chaotic and marred by sectarian and ethnic conflict.
Major anti-government protests erupted in late 2019, leading to yet more bloodshed in the streets.
Turnout was low for legislative elections in October 2021, which sparked further infighting and violence before a government was eventually formed a year later.
A third of Iraq's population lives in poverty, public services are largely absent, and the energy-rich country suffers frequent blackouts, especially in the extreme summer heat.
Nepotism and corruption remain rife in Iraq, where coveted posts in a bloated state sector are often gained through personal connections while youth unemployment is rampant.
Successive governments "have failed to fight corruption", laments Abbas Mohamed, a Baghdad engineer in his 30s. "We are going from bad to worse. No government has given anything to the people."
On Sunday, al-Sudani again pledged to "combat the pandemic of corruption."
But Baghdad day laborer Mohamed al-Askari, like many Iraqis, is struggling to keep alive any real hope.
"We rejoiced when the regime fell because we thought Iraq would improve," he said, "but so far we have only suffered."
