First used in the 1991 Gulf War, the advanced U.S. Patriot air defense system has seen demand increasing sharply this year, with supplies of interceptor missiles depleted by the Russia-Ukraine war and the widening conflict in the Middle East.
Ukraine is urgently seeking more Patriot interceptors to defend against a nightly barrage of Russian ballistic missile strikes.
But the Iran war has drained arsenals in the U.S. and the Gulf, and some European countries are holding onto missiles they may need for their own defense.
Here are some details about the Patriot air defense system, one of the most advanced weapons in the U.S. arsenal.
Patriot, short for Phased Array Tracking Radar for Intercept on Target, is a mobile surface-to-air missile defense system built by U.S. weapons maker Raytheon Technologies that can be used in all kinds of weather and at long range.
Developed in the 1980s, the Patriot system has been modernized over the past decades, expanding its capabilities and reach. It is slated to remain in service through 2048.
A typical battery includes radar and control systems, a power unit, launchers, and support vehicles. The system can intercept aircraft, tactical ballistic missiles and cruise missiles, depending on the interceptor used.
The system has different capabilities depending on the type of interceptor used.
The earlier PAC-2 interceptor uses a blast-fragmentation warhead that detonates in the vicinity of a target, while the PAC-3 family of missiles uses more accurate "hit-to-kill" technology to physically collide with the target.
Raytheon makes the PAC-2 GEM-T interceptor, which can defeat smaller, short-range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles or enemy aircraft.
Lockheed Martin, the world's largest arms maker, builds the more advanced PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE), which can hit longer-range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, aircraft and also hypersonics.
In July, Lockheed introduced a new interceptor, the PAC-3 Adapted Capability Effector (ACE), which it says will cost half as much while it will still be able to target short-range ballistic missiles, aircraft and cruise missiles.
The system's radar has a range of over 150 kilometers (93 miles) and can simultaneously track up to 100 potential targets, NATO said in 2015.
Although not originally designed to intercept hypersonic weapons, in May 2023, the U.S. confirmed Ukraine had used the Patriot system to shoot down a Russian Kinzhal missile, which Moscow claims is hypersonic.
Countries closely guard details about the number of targets destroyed by Patriot systems, although Ukraine said in January it had destroyed 250 targets, including 140 ballistic missiles. Patriot has also destroyed dozens of Iranian ballistic missiles in the Gulf, although details have not been released.
Raytheon has built and delivered over 240 Patriot fire units, according to its website. Raytheon and Lockheed together have manufactured thousands of interceptor missiles.
Nineteen countries now operate the Patriot system, according to Raytheon, including the U.S., Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Japan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Sixteen have the newest PAC-3 MSE missiles. Six to eight countries have requested additional missiles to replenish their depleted stocks.
A newly produced single Patriot battery costs over $1 billion, including $400 million for the system and $690 million for the missiles in a battery, according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).
Patriot PAC-3 interceptors are estimated at around $4 million to $5 million per missile.
Specific inventory numbers are classified, but CSIS estimates that about 65% of U.S. Patriot interceptors were expended between February and July, with less than 850 left on hand, down from 2,330 before the Iran war began.
Current inventories in the Gulf states are also severely depleted, and several European countries have transferred some of their supplies to Ukraine, experts say.
Saudi Arabia used about 86% of its 2,800 PAC-3 interceptors in the first 38 days of combat, leaving it with 400 missiles left in April. Other Gulf nations used up similar amounts of their inventories, CSIS said.
The U.S. has approved the sale of 5,250 interceptors to Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for replenishment.
The U.S. is also pressing ahead with talks on allowing Ukraine to make Patriot interceptor missiles, even after President Donald Trump cast doubt on such a deal, sources familiar with the discussions said.
The talks include an option for Ukraine to build some components for final assembly elsewhere in Europe.
Last month, the U.S. Army awarded Lockheed Martin a contract worth up to $58.6 billion to produce Patriot interceptor missiles.
