The International Monetary Fund (IMF) slashed its 2026 global growth projection Tuesday, as expected, warning that the world economy could be "thrown off course" by war in the Middle East, which hit commodity markets and sparked higher prices.
The global economy is set to grow by 3.1% this year, said the International Monetary Fund in its World Economic Outlook report, released during its spring meetings in Washington.
This is down from a 3.3% forecast in January before hostilities erupted as U.S.-Israeli strikes against Iran started on Feb. 28, prompting Tehran's retaliation and sparking a broader conflict in the region.
"We were planning to upgrade growth for 2026 to 3.4%" if not for the war, IMF chief economist Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
Prices of oil, gas and fertilizers have surged due to the conflict, as Iran virtually blocked traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, a key waterway for shipments. U.S. President Donald Trump has also ordered a naval blockade around Iran's ports.
The fund expects higher inflation this year at 4.4%, 0.6 percentage points above its January forecast.
After this, the "disinflation path" of the past few years should reassert itself, Gourinchas said.
But these projections assume a relatively short-lived conflict with temporary energy market disruptions.
"We have to be very concerned about the potential for this to become a major energy crisis," he warned.
In more adverse scenarios where energy prices remain steep for the year, global growth could slow to 2.5% or even to around 2.0%.
"Since 1980, it's basically been four times when growth has been at two percent or below," said Gourinchas.
These included periods such as the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.
"This latest shock comes less than a year since the shift in U.S. trade policies, and the transition to a new international trade system is still ongoing," the IMF said.
A year ago, Trump unleashed sweeping tariffs on U.S. trading partners, rocking financial markets and snarling supply chains.
A swath of these tariffs has been struck down by the Supreme Court, but uncertainty lingers as Trump moves to reimpose duties via other means.
Although overall revisions to global growth and inflation appear modest, the IMF cautioned that the war has taken a bigger toll on the Middle East and "vulnerable economies" elsewhere.
"The impact on emerging market and developing economies would be almost twice that on advanced economies," the fund said.
Higher energy and fertilizer costs could bring steeper food costs, mainly hitting low-income energy importers, Gourinchas said.
Growth projections this year for the Middle East and central Asia were cut by around half to 1.9%.
Saudi Arabia, the Middle East's biggest economy, is set to see 3.1% growth this year, down 1.4 percentage points from January's expectation.
Among the world's two biggest economies, U.S. growth is still set to accelerate to 2.3% this year, although the pace of growth was revised slightly lower.
"The U.S. at the margin is benefiting from higher energy prices," Gourinchas said. But gasoline prices have also jumped for consumers.
China's growth is anticipated to cool to 4.4%, a touch below the January forecast, too.
The IMF flagged an underlying "unevenness" in both economies.
Domestic activity lags behind exports in China, while a strong showing in the United States has been accompanied by low employment growth.
Euro area growth was revised 0.2 percentage points down to 1.1% for 2026.
U.K. growth saw a bigger downshift by 0.5 percentage points, to 0.8% this year.
While the IMF does not expect inflation expectations to go off-track, there is concern that they may not be as well-anchored as before.
Past inflation episodes remain fresh in the public's minds, and firms might act to restore margins more quickly than before.
"If that happens, then you can get much more persistent inflation going on, that would be reflected in higher inflation expectations," Gourinchas said.
If so, central banks might need to step in and raise interest rates to cool the economy, despite the ongoing negative supply shock.
