Indian farmers have raised concerns that New Delhi has made too many concessions to Washington after the two countries reached a new interim trade deal that would notably lower tariffs following last year's tensions.
Under the terms of the deal that was laid out in a joint statement from both countries released on Saturday, India will "eliminate or reduce tariffs on all U.S. industrial goods" and other food and agricultural products.
Meanwhile, the U.S. will apply a reciprocal tariff rate of 18% on goods from India, including textiles and apparel, leather and footwear, plastic and rubber, organic chemicals, and certain machinery, the joint statement added.
The terms were released after U.S. President Donald Trump announced a trade deal with India, stating that India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi had promised to halt Russian oil purchases.
Modi lauded the new trade deal in a post on the social media platform X later on Saturday, saying it would open up opportunities and generate jobs.
But Indian farmer unions weren't convinced, calling the deal a "total surrender" to American agricultural giants.
"Indian industry, agriculture ... are now under grave threat of cheap imports that will be dumped into Indian markets," the Samyukt Kisan Morcha (SKM), a coalition of multiple farmers' unions, said in a statement following the announcement.
The group also called on farmers to join a nationwide protest on Feb. 12.
The joint statement states that India will "eliminate or reduce" tariffs on a "wide range of U.S. food and agricultural products."
This includes tree nuts, some fresh fruit, soybean oil, wine, spirits and other "additional products" that were not specified.
Siraj Hussain, a former Agriculture Ministry top official, said Indian consumers were purchasing more nuts, "so it's import may not have much impact on local production," and will help satisfy high demand.
Domestic growers do worry, however, about cheap imports on other items such as apples, which they believe could have dire impacts on local producers.
"Import of fresh fruits such as apples ... will ruin the farmers," SKM said.
Officials hope safeguards included in the agreement, such as import quotas or minimum import prices for commodities including apples, will reduce the impact of foreign competition.
New Delhi's promise of lower duties on dried distillers' grains and red sorghum for animal feed could also reduce the need for local soybean meal.
Opposition lawmaker Jairam Ramesh said the move to ease imports of dried distillers' grains and soybean oil would hurt "millions of soybean farmers" in key Indian states such as Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
To stem concerns, Indian Trade Minister Piyush Goyal reassured farmers that their interests would be safeguarded, adding that the key red lines that had been drawn by New Delhi had not been crossed.
He said "no concessions" had been extended in "sensitive areas" such as grains, spices, dairy, poultry, meat and several vegetables and fruits, including potatoes, oranges and strawberries.
The trade minister also said genetically modified crops were not part of the agreement.
This includes GM soybean, which the U.S. has searched hard to find new markets for.
While the farm sector contributes just 16% to India's gross domestic product (GDP), it provides livelihood to over 45% of the population.
This makes the industry a key voting bloc often wooed by political parties. Farmer groups have also shown, on multiple occasions, that they are a street force to be reckoned with.
In 2021, the government abandoned plans to reform the sector after months of intense protests that blocked the national capital's highways and led to Delhi's historic Red Fort complex being stormed by tractors.
"Indian farms are very small, and they can't really compete with highly subsidised U.S. agriculture," Hussain, the former agriculture ministry official, said.
Between January and November 2025, when New Delhi was negotiating with Washington, Indian imports of American agricultural goods rose 34% year-over-year, raking in just under $2.9 billion.
Top imports included cotton, soybean oil, ethanol and various nuts such as almonds. This happened even before the trade deal, although the rise is partly due to India reducing tariffs on some of these U.S. items.
Experts have said that a further reduction in duties for products such as soybean oil, which was announced in the joint statement, will likely lead to a jump in goods being imported by India from the U.S.
