Japan's Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on Wednesday has admitted the Japanese government overstated construction order data used to calculate gross domestic product (GDP) for years, expressing regret over the practice that could hurt the credibility of official statistics widely used by investors and economists.

"It is regrettable that such a thing has happened," Kishida said. "The government will examine as soon as possible what steps it can take to avoid such an incident from happening again."

He made the comment in a parliamentary session after the Asahi newspaper reported the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism had been "rewriting" data received from about 12,000 select companies since 2013 at a pace of about 10,000 entries per year.

Kishida said "improvements" had been made to the figures since January 2020 and that there was no direct impact on GDP data for the fiscal years 2020 and 2021.

It was not clear why the government started the practice of rewriting the data. It is also unclear how GDP figures may have been affected, though analysts expected any impact to be minimal, particularly as the builders involved were likely to be smaller firms.

While the impact on past GDP numbers may be small, the revelation is likely to raise questions about the reliability of data that is a cornerstone for economists and investors looking to understand and forecast trends in the world's third-largest economy.

It is also not the first time that issues have been raised about government data, including a flaw in health ministry data in 2018.

Meanwhile, Saisuke Sakai, senior economist at Mizuho Research and Technologies, said: "The biggest problem is not the effect on the GDP per se but the damage to reliability of (official) statistics."

"We can't help doubting this kind of issue could happen across government ministries," Sakai added.

Sloppy fraud

The survey compiles public and private construction orders, which in the 2020 fiscal year totaled roughly 80 trillion yen ($700 billion) and is among data used to calculate GDP.

For the survey, the ministry collects monthly orders data from construction companies through local prefecture authorities.

Companies that were late in submitting data would often send in several months' worth of figures at once, the Asahi said. In these instances, the ministry would instruct local authorities to rewrite the orders for the combined months as the figure for the latest, single month.

Meanwhile, when an entry was missing from a company, the ministry would place a tentative figure by taking the average of the orders from the rest of the industry in that month, resulting in double-counting once the missing sum arrived, the newspaper said.

"Overall GDP data is unlikely to change much," said Akiyoshi Takumori, chief economist at Sumitomo Mitsui DS Asset Management.

Considering Japan has hundreds of thousands of construction companies, the ratio of those concerned is very small, he said.

"How much influence do they have? The kind of sloppy company – which puts out numbers late – is probably not a big one."

Land Minister Tetsuo Saito, a member of the Komeito party – the junior partner of the ruling coalition – confirmed the practice in parliament, calling it "extremely regrettable."

Asked about the issue, the government's top spokesperson said only that the land ministry had been instructed to analyze "as soon as possible" what led to the practice.

"We will first wait for the results of that investigation," Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno told a news conference when asked whether past GDP figures, the government's monthly economic report or other data may need to be revised.

The rewriting of the data, which may be in breach of law, continued until this March, the Asahi said.