Despite the economy entering a recession, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) is expected to end negative interest rates in the next months, according to people familiar with its plans. However, because of weak domestic demand, they may wait to take action until there are more clues about wage growth.
Japan shocked analysts on Thursday when data showed gross domestic product (GDP) unexpectedly contracting for two straight quarters, the technical definition of a recession, and losing its place as the world's third-largest economy to Germany.
While the GDP headlines were startling, the focus for BOJ policymakers is on whether the bumper wage hikes set for 2024 will be repeated next year, a condition the central bank believes is necessary for Japan to emerge from decades of tepid household consumption.
For that reason, this spring's annual wage negotiations that set pay levels for 2025 remain a more important economic indicator for the BOJ than the fourth quarter GDP, which is backward looking.
At the same time, the consumer-sector weakness seen in the GDP figures means an end to negative rates is now more likely at the BOJ's April meeting rather than its March gathering, giving the bank more time to get a read on the health of the economy.
"It's true domestic demand lacks momentum. But GDP is only among many data points the BOJ looks at," said one source.
"What's important is the economy's broader trend and the outlook," another source said, a view echoed by third source.
BOJ governor Kazuo Ueda, who took office last year, has been laying the groundwork to shift away from the radical monetary stimulus introduced by his predecessor Haruhiko Kuroda, which has been blamed for heavy financial market distortions.
On Friday, Ueda stuck to the script that tweaks to various monetary easing measures, including negative rates, were still options despite the GDP data.
Intensifying labor shortages have prodded many firms to signal significant pay hikes, heightening hopes of broad-based wage gains that would give households purchasing power to weather steady price rises.
The BOJ hopes higher wages and weakening cost-push pressure will underpin consumption and the broader economy, thereby keeping inflation sustainably around its 2% target and allowing it to normalize monetary policy.
Last week, Deputy Governor Shinichi Uchida explained in depth the BOJ's plan for dismantling its complex policies, which included a pledge to avoid hiking borrowing costs rapidly upon ending negative rates.
The carefully telegraphed signals have led most market players to project an end to negative rates either at the BOJ's policy meeting on March 18-19 or April 25-26. A Reuters poll conducted after the release of GDP data showed all 10 economists predicting an end to negative rates by April.
Delaying an exit from negative rates could accelerate the yen's recent declines, hurting already soft consumption by pushing up import costs.
"Markets are already fully pricing in the chance of action either in March or April," a fourth source said. "If the BOJ forgoes action, that could be a huge shock to markets."
While sticking to its plan for a near-term exit, the BOJ may prefer to act in April rather than March to gauge more data given uncertainty over the economic outlook.
Some analysts expect the economy to contract again in the current quarter due to sluggish consumption and delays in capital expenditure caused by labor shortages.
Key data points BOJ policymakers will likely look at ahead of their March meeting include the conclusion of big firms' wage negotiations with unions on March 13.
Revised October-December GDP data, due on March 11, may also be important given the large revisions seen in past releases, especially around capital expenditure, which could sway the view on the economy.
Waiting until the April meeting will allow policymakers to scrutinize the BOJ's quarterly "tankan" survey, due on April 1, for clues on whether companies are maintaining their upbeat capital expenditure plans.
"If the tankan underscores the resilience of capital expenditure, that could offset the weak GDP outcome," said Naomi Muguruma, chief bond strategist at Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities, who predicts an end to negative rates in April.
The BOJ's quarterly regional branch managers meeting, to be held in mid-April, will also give board members a fresh glimpse of whether wage hikes are broadening nationwide.
Mindful of the need to appease politicians worried about the risk of a deeper recession, the BOJ will likely keep signaling an end to negative rates won't be followed by the kind of aggressive rate hikes seen in the United States, analysts say.
"The BOJ will probably keep explaining that ending negative rate isn't tantamount to monetary tightening," said Koichi Fujishiro, chief economist at Dai-ichi Life Research Institute.
