Elon Musk has become one of the most influential, prolific and perplexing humans on Earth and most likely to become the world's first trillionaire if his latest brainchild, the public offering of his rocket and artificial intelligence company SpaceX, goes as planned.
The Musk of 2026 is a different man from the Tesla and SpaceX chief of a decade ago, when the hugely admired tech innovator largely stayed out of politics to focus intensely on building world-class businesses in sectors that others said couldn't be challenged.
Since those days, Musk has waded ever deeper into social media, becoming a power user of Twitter – the platform used by celebrities, governments and opinion-makers – which he eventually bought in 2022, renamed X, and turned into a vehicle for his own worldview and celebrity.
That vision, slowly, then all at once, veered sharply to the right as Musk increasingly used the X algorithm to, at times, amplify conspiracy theories, far-right voices and narratives of white victimization.
Theories vary on why Musk took such a hard turn to the right. They include an overuse of social media, a purported snub by the Biden administration, and his shock and disdain that a son of his – one of his more than a dozen children – had transitioned, becoming what Musk called a victim of the "woke mind virus."
The political turn led him to Donald Trump, and in 2024 Musk took a wild gamble to back the former president's second White House candidacy to the tune of as much as $100 million.
For a brief period, Musk played an outsized role in overhauling the government, seeming to have free rein to walk into Trump's Oval Office as he pleased.
Musk took leadership of the "Department of Government Efficiency," or the so-called DOGE, promising to slash $2 trillion from the federal budget by uncovering fraud – an over-the-top pledge that echoed the shoot-the-moon ambitions that had delivered him phenomenal business success.
The DOGE experience ended in just a few months after a falling-out with Trump – but in that time, Musk's loyal staff disrupted government through layoffs and overly rushed tech overhauls that critics say left only chaos.
Musk's political transformation came at a cost – Tesla's global sales slumped, with analysts attributing the decline to a combination of consumer boycotts over Musk's politics and an aging model lineup facing stiff competition, particularly from Chinese rivals.
Musk left the U.S. government to turn his attention more fully to xAI, a rival he created in 2023 to ChatGPT-maker OpenAI – the research lab he co-founded and financed before leaving in 2018 to focus more on Tesla.
Without Musk, OpenAI would go on to become the dominant AI giant, and this year, he lost a blockbuster lawsuit against the company and its CEO, Sam Altman, over Musk's claims that it had reneged on its original mission of being a non-profit working for AI to benefit humanity.
Now follows the widely anticipated SpaceX initial public offering (IPO), which comes after xAI was absorbed by the rocket company this year. The IPO is expected to raise around $75 billion to finance data centers in space and missions to Mars, out-of-this-world endeavors that investors are keen to focus on, rather than Musk's hardened politics.
Born in Pretoria on June 28, 1971, Musk left South Africa in his late teens, attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada, before transferring to the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned degrees in physics and business.
After graduating, he abandoned plans to study at Stanford University to found Zip2, a media software company he sold to Compaq for more than $300 million in 1999.
His next venture, X.com, eventually merged with PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.
Musk went on to found SpaceX in 2002, where he serves as CEO and CTO, and became chairperson of electric carmaker Tesla in 2004.
SpaceX later pioneered the reuse of rocket booster engines, a major advancement in the field, and is developing Starship – the world's largest rocket – which it envisions carrying crew and cargo to the Moon, Mars and beyond.
Musk, who holds U.S., Canadian and South African citizenship, has been married and divorced three times. He has 14 known children, one of whom died in infancy.
