In Iceland's Parliament, six cleaners take a break from their duties to spend time learning Icelandic, seen as one of the principal barriers to integration in the country.
Of the roughly 400,000 residents of Iceland, about one in five have an immigrant background and few of them speak Icelandic, which experts say could affect social cohesion.
Six years ago, Kanyamon Juisikaew, 46, moved to Reykjavik from Thailand and, married an Icelander, and now works as a cleaner in Parliament.
"I would like to communicate with Icelandic people when they speak and in my family, because we are an Icelandic family," Juisikaew told Agence France-Presse (AFP) in English.
She also said she was disappointed that she could not follow along during meetings at work.
She has just started taking classes during her regular working hours – an opportunity provided by a handful of companies and institutions in the Subarctic nation.
Alongside her, colleague Carolina Rivas hopes the classes will help her develop her career.
"It's really good to get to use working time to learn because this language really requires a lot of time to learn," Rivas said, adding that it was difficult to find the time to learn when off the clock.
Among OECD countries, Iceland has seen the sharpest rise in the share of immigrants in its population, going from 3% in the early 2000s to 20% last year.
The Nordic country opened up for migrants in the 2000s to cope with a boom in tourism and a labor shortage for low-paid service jobs.
But a recent report from the OECD, which advises industrialized nations on policy matters, said immigration increases had not been accompanied by sufficiently inclusive public policies.
"Where does Iceland want to be in the future? One cannot afford to have 20% of the population not speaking the language. So this is really becoming an issue of social cohesion for Iceland," Thomas Liebig, a senior administrator at the OECD's International Migration Division, told AFP.
Coming mainly from the European Economic Area (EEA), immigrants to Iceland do relatively well and enjoy the highest employment rate in the OECD.
However, the labor market suffers from over-qualification as language presents a hurdle to job opportunities that match their skills.
At the Mimir Training Institute in Reykjavik, students flock to take the Icelandic language exam to obtain Icelandic citizenship, and language classes are overflowing.
"We see an annual increase every year around 20%," Joanna Dominiczak, director of the Icelandic language programs at Mimir, told AFP.
Dominiczak added that they also had to stop offering classes in September as their funding for the year had run out.
The OECD has also criticized Iceland for providing minimal public funding for language training and reserving fully subsidized courses for refugees and the unemployed.
Kronan, one of Iceland's largest supermarket chains, has a workforce of 25% immigrants.
This presents a challenge for HR director Asta Baerings, who recognizes that it is difficult to teach Icelandic to new arrivals who are not sure about staying in the country.
Baerings says the core issue is "communication."
"We are trying to make more languages available for employees," Baerings told AFP.
The company has set up a communication portal for employees in Icelandic, English, and Polish – who make up 10% of staff.
"But next year, we are going to be offering over 30 languages," Baerings said, explaining this is meant to help the 47 nationalities working in their shops.
Anthony John Saunders started working for Kronan when he moved to Iceland from England after Brexit and has become an assistant manager of one of the stores.
"I think being a fluent English speaker, Iceland was quite easy to integrate in because everybody speaks very good English," Saunders said.
He speaks very little Icelandic but hopes to make progress with a customizable app offered by Kronan, which he has just installed.
But Icelanders' grasp of English can be a double-edged sword as immigrants have fewer opportunities to practice what they have learned.
"It also relates to the way we Icelanders perceive our own language," Yrsa Tholl Gylfadottir, a writer and Icelandic teacher, told AFP.
"Some of us have like an inferiority complex and a disbelief that anyone would want to learn our language or would be able to," she said.
"So Icelanders often resort to English when they speak to people with an accent."
