Syrian opposition leaders started leaving Geneva after airstrikes on markets in the northwest killed at least 44 people, saying they could not take part in peace talks while civilians were dying daily.
In some of the deadliest violence since a cease-fire took effect in February, a suspected regime bombing raid on Tuesday hit a market in the city of Maaret al-Numan, killing at least 37 civilians, a monitor said.
Footage showed bloodied bodies scattered among twisted metal stalls in a street strewn with fruit and vegetables.
Another strike on a fish market in the nearby town of Kafranbel killed seven civilians, said the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a Britain-based monitoring group.
The main opposition High Negotiations Committee condemned the strike on Maaret al-Numan as a "massacre" and a clear violation of the truce.
"It is a dangerous escalation of an already fragile situation, showing contempt for the whole international community at a time when there is supposed to be a cessation of hostilities," said spokesman Salem al-Meslet.
The raid was "Assad's response" to the HNC's decision to suspend its formal participation in negotiations.
"Our decision to postpone our participation in the Geneva talks was taken to highlight the cynicism of the regime in pretending to negotiate while escalating the violence... The world must not ignore this challenge," said Meslet.
The troubled talks - the latest in a long series of efforts to end Syria's five-year conflict - failed to get off the ground this week despite hopes brought on by the cease-fire.
The partial truce, brokered by the United States and Russia, led to a dramatic drop in violence across Syria but a recent surge in fighting, especially around second city Aleppo, has raised fears of its total collapse.
The opposition announced Monday it was putting its participation on hold to protest escalating violence and restrictions on humanitarian access.
HNC coordinator Riyad Hijab said Tuesday that he and other delegates were beginning to leave Geneva.
"I will be travelling today along with some of my colleagues from the HNC. Some people left yesterday and today and they will keep leaving gradually until Friday," he said.
"It is not suitable, neither morally nor on the humanitarian side, to be part of negotiations when Syrians are dying daily from sieges, hunger, bombings, poisonous gases and barrel bombs."
The U.N. has insisted the talks have not collapsed, with its envoy Staffan de Mistura saying they would continue through the week.
This week's negotiations were meant to focus on Syria's political future, as the U.N. pushes a plan involving a transitional authority, a new constitution and eventual elections.
But Assad's fate has been the key sticking point, with the opposition insisting he must go and the regime refusing.
World powers have backed the cease-fire and talks as the best hope yet to end a conflict that has devastated Syria, killed more than 270,000 people and forced millions from their homes. But the rising violence in recent weeks has lowered expectations of a breakthrough.
