Turkish woman Tülay Gerçek stands in front of a vending machine at a busy Istanbul metro station but instead of putting coins into a slot, she crams plastic bottles into a hole.
Every bottle or can Gerçek places in the machine gives extra credit on her Istanbul card - the universal ticket for using public transport in the city - in a pilot project by the municipality to promote recycling.
"I'm bringing plastic bottles every day," she said at Şişhane station, where she had brought a large bag of bottles and cans. "In the past I used to throw them into the bin. This is a very good project. There should be more," she said. "I believe it will help raise public awareness a little bit."
The machines are in place at three metro stations in Turkey's mega city and officials hope to expand to more in the future. It's so far a relatively rare step in a country of over 80 million people with a notoriously bad record on recycling and waste.
Activists say this must change fast and there are signs, albeit tentative, that the authorities are starting to understand the need to change profligate habits.
Turkey ranks 108th with a score of 52.96 in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index (EPI), produced by the Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, that analyses the environmental performance of 180 nations.
Top of the eco-chart is Switzerland, with a score of 87.42, indicating a strong showing across most issues, especially climate, energy and air pollution.
Oya Güzel, of the Mind Your Waste (Copune Sahip Cik) foundation, said Turkey was producing around 31 million tonnes of waste annually, out of which 11 percent was recycled. "We are polluting the soil and the environment with plastics, metals and glass which remain in the natural environment for years," she told Agence France-Presse (AFP). "We have a target of 35 percent (of all waste to be recycled) by five years from now, which is also low but we believe progress can be made" in that time.
She said it was consumers in the end who have to decide what is recyclable. "We could turn it into raw material, or throw away litter and make it trash," Güzel said, urging consumers to give up on disposable materials. "We use a plastic bag for an average time of 12 minutes. It becomes trash 12 minutes later."
The Istanbul municipality told AFP that, of the non-recycled waste, 61 percent was burned to produce electricity and the remaining 28 percent buried with no use.
Environment and Urbanization Minister Murat Kurum said there would be a compulsory charge for plastic bags from January, bringing Turkey into line with other European countries. That would be a revolution in a country which uses plastic bags massively. Kurum said that every Turkish citizen uses, on average, 440 bags a year, adding the aim was to reduce this to 40 by 2025.
The recycling campaign is also strongly backed by first lady Emine Erdoğan, who said at a conference on zero waste that the target was a "more livable environment" and a "stronger economy by classifying the waste at its source and recycling".
She said that the presidential complex was leading the way with its staff now trained in how to recycle waste on site. "We have not had garbage trucks at the presidential complex for a long time," she said.
At a sorting facility on the outskirts of Istanbul, organic waste is separated, processed and used as fertilizer in parks and gardens throughout the city, while non-organic materials, like glass, plastics and metals, are recycled. But İbrahim Halil Türkeri, the city's recycling chief, said that "greater responsibility falls to individuals." "If the waste is classified at its source, cleaner waste will reach our facility and factories, and they will have better value as secondary raw materials, and all will have been recycled."
Ahmet Hamdi Zembil, environmental engineer at waste management company ISTAC, said gas from burning organic waste can be transformed into electricity. But he added that classifying at source was crucial so that synthetic waste was not mixed in. "We have disposed of 7 million tons of waste here over the last year and produced 400 million kilowatt hours of electricity," he said.
