Fears of large-scale atrocities grew Tuesday after Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces seized the key city of El-Fasher, after an 18-month siege amid reports of mass killings and the deaths of five Red Crescent volunteers in Kordofan.
The capture of El-Fasher, the historic heart of Darfur, has sparked fears of mass killings reminiscent of the region's darkest days.
After an 18-month siege marked by starvation and bombardment, the city is now under the control of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), descendants of the Janjaweed militias accused of genocide two decades ago.
The paramilitary group, locked in a brutal war with the army since April 2023, launched a final assault on the city in recent days, seizing the army's last positions.
In the neighboring region of North Kordofan, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent said five Sudanese Red Crescent volunteers had been killed in Bara on Monday, and that three others were missing after the RSF took control of the town on Saturday.
Analysts say Sudan is now effectively partitioned along an east-west axis, with the RSF running a parallel government across Darfur while the army is entrenched along the Nile and Red Sea in the north, east and centre.
For many, El-Fasher's fall revives memories of the 2000s, when the Janjaweed razed villages and killed hundreds of thousands in what is believed to be one of the worst genocides of the 21st century.
But this time, the atrocities are not hidden.
The army-aligned foreign ministry said the crimes were "shamelessly documented by the perpetrators themselves".
Since the city's fall on Sunday, RSF fighters have shared videos reportedly showing executions and abuse of civilians.
An RSF-led coalition said Tuesday it would form a committee to verify the authenticity of videos and allegations, adding that many of the videos are "fabricated" by the army.
The United Nations warned of "ethnically motivated violations and atrocities" while the African Union condemned "escalating violence" and "alleged war crimes".
Pro-democracy groups described "the worst violence and ethnic cleansing" since Sunday as the army-allied Joint Forces accused the RSF of killing over 2,000 civilians.
The U.N. said more than 26,000 fled El-Fasher in just two days, most on foot towards Tawila, 70 kilometers west.
"We're watching Rwanda-level mass extermination of people who are trapped inside," said Nathaniel Raymond, a U.S. war investigator and executive director of Yale University's Humanitarian Research Lab (HRL).
In 1994 during the genocide in Rwanda, an estimated 800,000 people, mainly ethnic Tutsis, were killed in one of the 20th century's worst atrocities.
"The level, speed and totality of violence in Darfur is unlike anything I've seen," Raymond, who has been documenting war crimes across the world over the past 25 years, told AFP.
Around 177,000 civilians remain trapped in El-Fasher, according to the UN's migration agency, after the RSF built a 35-mile (56 kilometer) earthen berm sealing off food, medicine and escape routes.
Once the seat of the Darfur Sultanate, a centuries-old African kingdom that flourished long before Khartoum existed, El-Fasher's streets are now strewn with charred vehicles and bodies, smoke rising over shattered neighborhoods.
One clip on Monday appeared to show corpses beside burnt-out cars. Another showed an RSF gunman firing into a crowd of civilians -- identified by AFP as a notorious fighter known from execution videos on his TikTok account, where he boasts of killings in newly captured areas.
Pro-democracy activists also accused the RSF of executing all wounded people receiving treatment at the Saudi Hospital in El-Fasher.
Satellite analysis by Yale's HRL revealed door-to-door killings, mass graves, red patches and bodies visible on the city's berm, consistent with eyewitness accounts.
"We think those red patches are blood pools from bodies bleeding out," said Raymond, describing imagery showing "objects consistent with human bodies" and trenches filled with corpses.
To many Sudanese, these tactics are hauntingly familiar.
But Yale University's Raymond said that the RSF has grown deadlier and more militarily equipped with time.
"These people have an air force... no one can hide because they can see them from the air," he said.
Raymond also warned the current violence would not stop at El-Fasher but would spread to other non-Arab communities.
The Zaghawa, the dominant group in El-Fasher, have long seen the RSF's advance as an existential threat.
In 2023, the RSF was accused of massacres in West Darfur's capital, El-Geneina, killing up to 15,000 people from the Masalit, another non-Arab group.
"The prospects for peace are very minimal," said Sudanese analyst Kholood Khair.
"Neither the army nor the RSF, for strategic or battlefield reasons, is willing to commit to a ceasefire or genuine peace talks," she told AFP.
The war has killed tens of thousands, displaced millions, and triggered the world's largest displacement and hunger crisis. Both sides stand accused of widespread atrocities.
