Bangladesh held its first general election Thursday since mass protests in 2024 ousted former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, with early projections showing a Bangladesh Nationalist Party-led alliance ahead in a vote widely viewed as a key test of the country’s democratic recovery after years of political unrest.
A projection showed that the alliance led by the BNP took the lead with 127 seats, while its main challenger, an 11-party alliance led by the Jamaat-e-Islami party, garnered 32 seats and three seats by others, according to Dhaka-based Jamuna TV.
Official results were expected on Friday. Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy in which 300 lawmakers are elected through direct voting.
After a slow start, crowds converged on polling stations in the capital, Dhaka, and elsewhere later in the day. By 2 p.m., more than 47% voters had cast their ballots, the Election Commission said.
At one Dhaka polling station, poll officials manually counted the paper ballots and checked each for validity before tabulating the results. Political party representatives were present as election observers, and security officials kept a close watch on Thursday evening.
More than 127 million people were eligible to vote in the country's first election since Hasina's ouster after weeks of mass protests, dubbed by many as a Generation Z uprising. Hasina fled the country and is living in India in exile, while her party was barred from the polls.
As the voting closed, Hasina's Awami League party, which was barred from the election, rejected Thursday's election.
"Today's so-called election by Yunus, who seized power illegally and unconstitutionally, was essentially a well-planned farce,” the former governing party said in a statement on X. "The people's voting rights, democratic values, and the spirit of the constitution were completely disregarded in this deceptive, voter-less election conducted without the Awami League,” it said.
The BNP's Tarique Rahman is a leading contender to form the next government. He's the son of former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia and returned to Bangladesh in December, after 17 years in self-exile in London. Rahman has pledged to rebuild democratic institutions, restore the rule of law and revive the struggling economy.
Television stations reported late Thursday that Rahman won in two constituencies, one in Dhaka and another in his northern ancestral home.
Challenging the BNP is an 11-party alliance led by Jamaat-e-Islami, the country’s largest Islamist party, which was banned under Hasina but has gained prominence since her removal.
The conservative religious group’s growing influence has fueled concern, particularly among women and minority communities, that social freedoms could come under pressure if they come to power. Bangladesh is more than 90% Muslim, while around 8% are Hindu.
Jamaat-e-Islami leader Shafiqur Rahman expressed optimism after casting his vote at a polling station.
The election "is a turning point,” he told The Associated Press. "People demand change. They desire change. We also desire the change.”
Bangladesh's interim leader, Muhammad Yunus, was upbeat about the election.
"This is a day of great joy. Today is the birthday of a new Bangladesh," Yunus told reporters.
Yunus, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has said the interim government was committed to delivering a credible and transparent election. As part of that effort, around 500 international observers and foreign journalists were present, including delegations from the European Union and the Commonwealth, to which Bangladesh belongs.
Bangladesh’s Parliament has 350 seats, including 300 elected directly from single-member constituencies and 50 reserved for women. Lawmakers are chosen by plurality and the parliament serves a five-year term. The Election Commission recently postponed voting in one constituency after a candidate died.
Elections could reshape the domestic stability of Bangladesh, a country whose post-1971 history since gaining independence from Pakistan has been marked by entrenched political parties, military coups and allegations of vote rigging. Young voters, many of whom played a central role in the 2024 uprising, are expected to be influential. Around 5 million first-time voters are eligible.
"I think it is a very crucial election, because this is the first time we can show our opinion with freedom,” said Ikram ul Haque, 28, adding that past elections were far from fair.
"We are celebrating the election. It is like a festival here,” he said.
Thursday’s election is a critical test not just of leadership, but of trust in Bangladesh’s democratic future. Voters can say "Yes” to endorse major reform proposals that stemmed from a national charter signed by major political parties last year.
Yunus was also enthusiastic about the referendum.
"Voting for a candidate is important, but the referendum is very important. The whole of Bangladesh will change,” he said.
If a majority of voters favor the referendum, the newly elected parliament could form a constitutional reform council to make the changes within 180 working days from its first session. The proposals include the creation of new constitutional bodies and changing parliament from a single body to a bicameral legislature with an upper house empowered to amend the constitution by a majority vote.
The BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami both signed the document with some changes after initially expressing some dissent.
Hasina’s Awami League party – still a major party in Bangladesh though banned from the polls – and some of its former allies were excluded from the discussion. From exile, Hasina denounced the election for excluding her party.
Some critics have also said that the referendum has limited the options put before voters.
