Bright yellow, black, red and blue, Alexanor butterflies once fluttered abundantly on southwestern Albania's flowery slopes. Like many related species, scientists say they are disappearing due to human impacts, including climate change.
Increasingly absent from the picturesque district of Zvernec, the Alexanor is one of 58 of the Balkan country's 207 butterfly species that researchers say are at risk.
"Sensitive to changes, they are a true mirror of the conditions of the ecosystem in which they live," said Anila Paparisto, an entomologist at Tirana University.
In Zvernec, Paparisto leads a team of researchers and students working to identify the country's remaining butterfly species along with those that are now extinct.
Numerous scientific studies have measured the impact of climate change on butterfly populations, though researchers also cite other environmental factors.
They blame a combination of rapid urbanization, pesticides and warming temperatures for the decrease.
"Human activity and climate change have had major impacts on nature," said biology student Fjona Skenderi, who was helping conduct research in Zvernec.
In the nearby Divjaka Natural Park, Albanian agronomist Altin Hila points to the disappearance of the Giant Peacock Moth and the Plain Tiger as another worrying sign.
"It's a disaster marked by climatic disruptions, an early spring and excessively high temperatures in January and February," explained Hila, who is also a passionate collector and oversees a butterfly museum in Divjaka.
"It encouraged the eggs to hatch and the butterfly larvae to grow, but in April, the temperatures were too low" for them to survive, he added.
The decline of butterflies also affects other species.
"It will impact the entire food chain and biodiversity, which is also essential for humans," Paparisto said.
"When there are fewer butterflies, you expect the butterfly effect."
Like large swaths of Albania, coastal areas near Zvernec have become increasingly overrun with resorts and apartment blocks built with little oversight.
Scientists say the rapid urbanization in the area, along with overfishing and climate change, has also contributed to the dramatic drop in migratory bird populations.
While some butterfly populations are in decline, other similar species are prospering – to the detriment of the environment.
The arrival of a non-native moth through imports of ornamental plants from China has ravaged more than 80% of Albania's boxwood forests since 2019, according to experts.
"It is very aggressive, it can reproduce three to four times a year, and it is a real misfortune that reduces entire areas to nothing," said forest engineer Avdulla Diku.
With their distinct neon green and black bodies, the larvae are easily spotted when clinging to the boxwoods' leaves and stems.
On the road along Lake Ohrid to Pogradec in northwestern Albania, the once vibrant green rows of boxwoods are reduced to husks after being devoured by the moths' larvae.
"It is a firm reminder of the fragility and subtle balance of the environment in which we live," said Sylvain Cuvelier, an entomological researcher who co-authored the first Albanian butterfly atlas.
"It is obviously urgent to unite our efforts to find solutions and to rethink in depth our use of natural resources and the way forward for protecting and restoring our environment."
