U.S. President Donald Trump is set to host Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan at the White House on Friday for the signing of a U.S.-brokered peace agreement aimed at formally ending decades of conflict between the two South Caucasus neighbors.
Trump said Pashinyan and Aliyev would also be signing agreements with the U.S. to "pursue Economic opportunities together, so we can fully unlock the potential of the South Caucasus Region."
"Many Leaders have tried to end the War, with no success, until now, thanks to 'TRUMP,'" Trump wrote Thursday night on his Truth Social site.
The prospective agreement could potentially put an end to decades of conflict and set the stage for a reopening of key transportation corridors across the South Caucasus that have been shut since the early 1990s.
Three U.S. officials, who were not authorized to speak publicly ahead of the announcement and spoke on condition of anonymity, said the agreements included a major breakthrough establishing a key transit corridor across the region, which had been a hang-up in peace talks.
The agreement, according to the officials, would give the U.S. leasing rights to develop what is known as the Zangezur Corridor and rename it the "Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity."
It would link Azerbaijan to its Nakhchivan region, which is separated from the rest of the country by a 32-kilometer (20-mile) patch of Armenia's territory.
The transit corridor is expected to eventually include a rail line, oil and gas lines, and fiber optic lines, allowing for the movement of goods and eventually people. The deal does not call for the U.S. to pay for the construction of the transit corridor, but instead for private corporations to develop it.
The deal was reached after a visit earlier this year by Trump's special envoy Steve Witkoff to Azerbaijan's capital of Baku and continued talks between the parties.
Armenia and Azerbaijan faced off for nearly four decades of fighting for control of the Karabakh region, which was known internationally as Nagorno-Karabakh.
During the Soviet era, the mostly Armenian-populated region had an autonomous status within Azerbaijan. Long-simmering tensions between Christian Armenians and mostly Muslim Azerbaijanis boiled over as the Soviet Union frayed in its final years.
Clashes erupted in 1988 when the region made a bid to join Armenia. As the USSR collapsed in 1991 and Armenia proclaimed independence, hostilities escalated into a full-blown war that killed an estimated 30,000 people and displaced about 1 million.
When the war ended with a cease-fire in 1994, Armenian separatist forces backed by the government in Yerevan not only took control of the region but also captured broad swaths of Azerbaijan.
Decades of international mediation efforts failed. In September 2020, Azerbaijan launched an operation to reclaim the region. NATO-member Türkiye, which has close ethnic, cultural and historic bonds with Azerbaijan, gave it strong support.
In six weeks of fighting involving heavy artillery, rockets and drones that killed more than 6,700 people, Azerbaijani troops drove Armenian separatists from areas they controlled outside Karabakh. They also reclaimed broad chunks of Karabakh. A Russia-brokered peace deal saw the deployment of about 2,000 troops to the region as peacekeepers.
Azerbaijan then reclaimed all of Karabakh in September 2023 in a lightning military campaign. Over 100,000 people returned to Armenia in a week.
Russia, busy with its war in Ukraine, didn't intervene, angering Armenia's leadership, which responded by scaling down its ties with Moscow and bolstering relations with the West.
After reclaiming Karabakh, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Armenia on normalizing ties. As part of the negotiations, Armenia agreed to hand over several border villages to Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan also has demanded that Armenia rewrite its constitution, which contains a reference to the prospective reunification of Armenia and the Karabakh region. The authorities have yet to present a revised draft in the face of public protests.
A key stumbling block in peace talks was Azerbaijan seeking a land bridge to its Nakhchivan region. Azerbaijan doesn't trust Armenia to control the Zangezur corridor, while Armenia has staunchly resisted control by a third party, seeing it as a breach of its sovereignty.
It was not clear how that resistance had been overcome in the deal.
Russia, which has a military base in Armenia, had previously proposed deploying its troops to secure the corridor. Armenia, bent on scaling down ties with Russia in favor of closer relations with the West, rejected the idea.
"Russia has been left on the sidelines, because the Kremlin has nothing to offer to Armenia and Azerbaijan," said Olesya Vartanyan, a South Caucasus expert, noting that Moscow's regional influence withered after it focused on the war in Ukraine.
"Russia now lacks resources to deal with Armenia and Azerbaijan," Vartanyan said.
The prospective peace deal would also pave the way for Türkiye and Azerbaijan to reopen borders with Armenia that have been shut for nearly four decades, leaving the landlocked country to rely on limited transit routes via Georgia and Iran.
Türkiye views the prospective agreement as part of its efforts to expand its influence in the South Caucasus, while Armenia sees the reopening of the border and resuming trade with Türkiye as a top priority. Pashinyan, who visited Türkiye in June in the first such visit by an Armenian leader, has made normalizing ties with Türkiye a key goal.
"For Armenia, it would guarantee stability and allow access to the Turkish market, ports and investments, as well as its inclusion into key regional transport corridors," Vartanyan said, adding that a peace deal would help make Armenia a key link between Europe and Asia.
"Armenia has had an extensive transport infrastructure since the Soviet times, including railways and highways that could significantly expand trade routes via South Caucasus," she said.
