Bedouin families in a West Bank village are dismantling sheep pens and loading their belongings onto trucks as escalating settler violence forces them from their homes in the Israeli-occupied territory.
While attacks by Israeli settlers affect communities across the West Bank, the semi-nomadic Bedouins are among the territory's most vulnerable, saying they suffer from forced displacement due in large part to a lack of law enforcement.
"What is happening today is the complete collapse of the community as a result of the settlers' continuous and repeated attacks, day and night, for the past two years," Farhan Jahaleen, a Bedouin in the village of Ras Ein al-Auja, told Agence France-Presse (AFP).
Since Israel occupied the West Bank in 1967, Israeli outposts have steadily expanded, with more than 500,000 settlers now living in the territory, which is also home to 3 million Palestinians.
Illegal settlers engage in violence toward the locals aimed at coercing them to leave, with the U.N. recording an unprecedented 260 attacks in October last year alone.
The threat of displacement has long hung over Jahaleen's community, but the pressure has multiplied in recent months as about half of the hamlet's 130 families decided to flee.
Among them, 20 families from the local Ka'abneh clan left last week, he said, while around another 50 families have been dismantling their homes.
The trailers of settlers dot the landscape around the village but are gradually being replaced by houses with permanent foundations, some built just 100 meters (300 feet) from Bedouin homes.
In May last year, settlers diverted water from the village's most precious resource – the spring after which it is named.
Nestled between rocky hills to the west and the flat Jordan Valley that climbs up the Jordanian plateau to the east, the spring had allowed the community to remain self-sufficient.
But Bedouin families have been driven away by the constant need to stand guard to avoid settlers cutting the power supply and irrigation pipes, or bringing their herds to graze near Bedouin houses.
"If you defend your home, the (Israeli) police or army will come and arrest you. We can't do anything," lamented Naif Zayed, another local.
"There is no specific place for people to go; people are acting on their own, to each their own."
Most Palestinian Bedouins are herders, which leaves them particularly exposed to violence when Israeli settlers bring their own herds that compete for grazing land in isolated rural areas.
It is a strategy that settlement watchdog organizations have called "pastoral colonialism."
Israel's military chief Lt. Gen. Eyal Zamir said in November that he wanted to put a stop to the violence. This month, the army announced new monitoring technology to enforce movement restrictions on both Israelis and Palestinians, with Israeli media reporting the move was largely aimed at reining in settler attacks.
Asked for comment, the Israeli military said: "Incidents in the Ras al-Ain are well known. (Israeli military) forces enter the area in accordance with calls and operational needs, aiming to prevent friction between populations and to maintain order and security in the area."
It said it had increased its presence in the area "due to the many recent friction incidents."
Naaman Ehrizat, another herder from Ras Ein al-Auja, told AFP he had already moved his sheep to the southern West Bank city of Hebron ahead of his relocation.
But Jahaleen said moving to other rural parts of the territory risks exposing the herders to yet more displacement in the future.
He pointed to other families pushed out of the nearby village of Jiftlik, who were again displaced after moving to a village in the Jordan Valley.
Slogans spray-painted in Arabic have appeared along major roads in the West Bank in recent months that read: "No future in Palestine."
For Jahaleen, whose family has lived in Ras Ein al-Auja since 1991, the message sums up his feelings.
"The settlers completely destroyed the Bedouin way of life, obliterated the culture and identity, and used every method to change the Bedouin way of life in general, with the complete destruction of life," he said.
