Once relics of a bygone way of life, the iconic dry-stone dwellings with conical roofs dotted across Puglia are in increasing demand as cool havens in Italy's sweltering south.
Beyond its emerald coastline and olive groves, Puglia is an arid region and the heat can be punishing — but step inside the centuries-old grey and white "trulli" and the temperature dips sharply.
Francesco Fragnelli, a trulli restorer, said that the temperature difference between the inside and outside of a standard trullo is typically 7–10 degrees Celsius (12.6–18 degrees Fahrenheit). Sometimes, it can be as much as 15 degrees Celsius (27 degrees Fahrenheit).
Traditionally featuring one room with alcoves for a bedroom and kitchen, the trulli were built from the mid-14th century using roughly worked limestone boulders collected from fields as farmers cleared the land for agriculture.
Fragnelli, 58, told Agence France-Presse (AFP) the trullo's hygrothermal performance is due largely to the thickness of the walls, which can measure between 1.5 meters and 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) deep.
The limestone in summer slowly releases the humidity it absorbed over the winter months, while hot air rises inside the conical roof, cooling the area below.
But over the centuries, the grey and white structures built as shelters and storehouses fell into disrepair.
Few laborers passed on the skills to repair the cones of corbelled limestone slabs. Internal cisterns for collecting rainwater dried up.
When Fragnelli began his apprenticeship with a cousin in 1983, "cement was in fashion. The trulli represented a past age, one of suffering and hunger," he said.
He now works with his brother and nephew on trulli bought by Italians and foreigners for holiday homes across the countryside and in towns like Alberobello, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The stone shacks are not just used as dwellings: chef Domenico Laera has a restaurant inside one of Alberobello's trulli, an experience he told AFP was "magical."
"The temperature is naturally cool for eating, we don't have air conditioning," he said.
Gerardo Biancofiore, head of the Puglia branch of national builders' association ANCE, told AFP the demand for trulli has risen in the past few years "and is still rising."
But he warned of builders using "skills, techniques and materials incompatible with dry stone buildings" and called for training schemes for young builders.
Areas across Italy, including Puglia, have been under red alert this week as Europe suffers a prolonged heatwave and scientists say such extreme weather events are set to become more frequent.
"With the increase in heat waves, traditional solutions (such as trulli) are becoming a valuable reference, capable of inspiring climate adaptation strategies for contemporary construction as well," Biancofiore said.
He held up the trullo as "a concrete example of bioclimatic architecture," with its walls that feature a double skin with a rubble core, a thermal design experts hope to replicate with other materials.
"Sustainable architecture scholars look at the principles behind the trulli's construction as a source of inspiration for buildings more resilient to global warming," Biancofiore said.
The shacks may be cool inside, but it was blisteringly hot up on the roof at a restoration site near Ostuni, where Fragnelli's 19-year-old nephew Giuseppe was knocking a slab into shape.
Downing his hammer at 12:30 P.M. in line with a regional order to stop outside labour during the hottest hours of the day, Fragnelli said learning to be a trullo restorer was worth the physical toll.
He began training a year ago and quickly "understood that it was very important, it's a rare thing."
"Every stone has a value, a meaning, its own purpose... so I'm willing to give my all," he said.
