The world has around 4,000 variants of the virus that causes COVID-19, prompting a race to improve vaccines, Britain said on Thursday, as researchers began to explore mixing doses of the Pfizer and AstraZeneca shots in a world first.
Thousands of variants have been documented as the virus mutates, including the so-called British, South African and Brazilian variants that appear to spread more swiftly than others.
British Vaccine Deployment Minister Nadhim Zahawi expects the existing inoculations to be effective. "It's very unlikely that the current vaccine won't be effective on the variants whether in Kent or other variants, especially when it comes to severe illness and hospitalization," Zahawi told Sky News. "All manufacturers, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca and others, are looking at how they can improve their vaccine to make sure that we are ready for any variant. There are about 4,000 variants around the world of COVID now."
While thousands of variants have arisen as the virus mutates on replication, only a very small minority are likely to be important and to change the virus in an appreciable way, according to the British Medical Journal.
The so-called British variant, known as VUI-202012/01, has mutations that include a change in the spike protein that viruses use to bind to the human ACE2 receptor – meaning that it is probably easier to catch.
"We have the largest genome sequencing industry; we have about 50% of the world's genome sequencing industry and we are keeping a library of all the variants so that we are ready to respond – whether in the autumn or beyond – to any challenge that the virus may present and produce the next vaccine," Zahawi said.
The novel coronavirus, known as SARS-CoV-2, has killed 2.26 million people worldwide since it emerged in China in late 2019, according to Johns Hopkins University of Medicine.
Israel is currently far ahead of the rest of the world on vaccinations per head of population, followed by the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Bahrain, the United States and then Spain, Italy and Germany.
Britain on Thursday launched a trial to assess the immune responses generated if doses of the vaccines from Pfizer and AstraZeneca are combined in a two-shot schedule. Initial data on immune responses is expected to be generated around June.
The trial will examine the immune responses of an initial dose of Pfizer vaccine followed by a booster of AstraZeneca's, as well as vice versa, with intervals of four and 12 weeks.
The trial will be the first of its kind to combine an mRNA shot – the one developed by Pfizer and BioNtech – and an adenovirus viral vector vaccine of the type developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca's shot is separately being trialed in combination with another viral vector vaccine, Russia's Sputnik V.
The British researchers behind the trial said data on vaccinating people with the two different types of vaccines could help to understand whether shots can be rolled out with greater flexibility around the world, and might even increase immune responses.
Matthew Snape, an Oxford vaccinologist who is leading the trial, said mixing different shots had proven effective in Ebola vaccine schedules, and though the new trial mixed vaccine technologies, it could also work. "Ultimately, it all comes down to the same target – cells making the spike protein – just using different platforms," he told reporters. "For that reason, we do anticipate that we'll generate a good immune response with these combinations."
Public Health England's head of immunization Mary Ramsay said there was a lot of precedent for such work, as vaccines against Hepatitis A and B were interchangeable from two different manufacturers, and similar work has been undertaken for human papillomavirus (HPV).
