The United States obtained intelligence revealing that Israel’s own military lawyers warned top commanders that its attacks in Gaza – carried out with American-supplied weapons – could amount to war crimes, five former U.S. officials told reporters.
The previously unreported intelligence, described by the former officials as among the most startling shared with top U.S. policymakers during the war, pointed to doubts within the Israeli military about the legality of its tactics that contrasted sharply with Israel’s public stance defending its actions.
Two of the former U.S. officials said the material was not broadly circulated within the U.S. government until late in the Biden administration, when it was disseminated more widely ahead of a congressional briefing in December 2024.
The intelligence deepened concerns in Washington over Israel’s conduct in a war it said was necessary to eliminate Palestinian Hamas fighters. There were concerns Israel was intentionally targeting civilians and humanitarian workers, a potential war crime which Israel has denied, despite evidence.
U.S. officials expressed alarm at the findings, particularly as the mounting civilian death toll in Gaza raised concerns that Israel’s attacks might breach international legal standards on acceptable collateral damage.
The former U.S. officials Reuters spoke to did not provide details on what evidence – such as specific wartime incidents – had caused concerns among Israel's military lawyers.
Israel has killed more than 68,000 Palestinians during its two-year-long genocidal attacks. Most of the casualties consisted of women and children.
Reuters spoke to nine former U.S. officials in then-President Joe Biden's administration, including six who had direct knowledge of the intelligence and the subsequent debate within the U.S. government. All spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the matter.
Reports of internal U.S. government dissent over Israel’s Gaza attacks emerged during Biden's presidency. This account – based on detailed recollections from those involved – offers a fuller picture of the debate's intensity in the administration’s final weeks, which ended with President Donald Trump's inauguration in January.
Israeli Ambassador to the U.S., Yechiel Leiter, declined to comment when asked for a response about the U.S. intelligence and the internal Biden administration debate about it. Neither the Israeli prime minister's office nor the Israeli military spokesperson immediately responded to requests for comment.
The intelligence prompted an interagency meeting at the National Security Council, where officials and lawyers debated how and whether to respond to the new findings.
A U.S. finding that Israel was committing war crimes would have required, under U.S. law, blocking future arms shipments and ending intelligence sharing with Israel. Israel’s intelligence services have worked closely with the U.S. for decades and provide critical information, in particular, about events occurring in the Middle East.
Biden administration conversations in December included officials from across the government, including the State Department, the Pentagon, the intelligence community and the White House. Biden was also briefed on the matter by his national security advisers.
The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. "We do not comment on intelligence matters," a State Department spokesperson said in response to emailed questions about Reuters reporting.
The American debate about whether the Israelis had committed war crimes in Gaza ended when lawyers from across the U.S. government determined that it was still legal for the U.S. to continue supporting Israel with weapons and intelligence because the U.S. had not gathered its own evidence that Israel was violating the law of armed conflict, according to three former U.S. officials.
They reasoned that the intelligence and evidence gathered by the U.S. itself did not prove the Israelis had intentionally killed civilians and humanitarians or blocked aid, a key factor in legal liability.
Some senior Biden administration officials feared that a formal U.S. finding of Israeli war crimes would force Washington to cut off arms and intelligence support – a move they worried could embolden Hamas, delay cease-fire negotiations, and shift the political narrative in favor of the Palestinian resistance group.
The decision to stay the course exasperated some of those involved who believed that the Biden administration should have been more forceful in calling out Israel’s alleged abuses and the U.S. role in enabling them, said former U.S. officials.
President Trump and his officials were briefed by Biden’s team on the intelligence but showed little interest in the subject after they took over in January and began siding more powerfully with the Israelis, said the former U.S. officials.
Even before the U.S. gathered war crimes intelligence from within the Israeli military, lawyers at the State Department, which oversees legal assessments of foreign military conduct, repeatedly raised concerns with U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken that Israel might be committing war crimes, according to five former U.S. officials.
As early as December 2023, lawyers from the State Department's legal bureau told Blinken in meetings that they believed that Israel's military conduct in Gaza likely amounted to violations of international humanitarian law and potentially war crimes, two of the U.S. officials said.
That sentiment was largely reflected in a U.S. government report produced during the Biden administration in May 2024, when Washington said Israel might have violated international humanitarian law using U.S.-supplied weapons during its military operation in Gaza.
The report stopped short of a definitive assessment, citing the fog of war.
"What I can say is that the Biden administration constantly reviewed Israel's adherence to the laws of armed conflict, as well as the requirements of our own laws,” Blinken said through a spokesperson for this story.
Last November, the International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his former defense chief, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza.
Among the issues debated by U.S. officials in the final weeks of the Biden administration was whether the government would be complicit if Israeli officials were to face charges in an international tribunal, said people familiar with this debate.
U.S. officials publicly defended Israel but also privately debated the issue in light of intelligence reports, and they became a point of political vulnerability for Democrats. Biden and later Vice President Kamala Harris waged ultimately unsuccessful presidential campaigns.
Biden did not respond to a request for comment.
Israel, which is fighting a genocide case at the International Court of Justice, rejects genocide allegations as politically motivated and says that its attacks target Hamas, despite the fact that it has targeted civilian infrastructure, including hospitals, schools, refugee shelters, soup kitchens, refugee camps, journalists and more.
Some cases came to light through the genocide case filed at the International Court of Justice, the official said.
Genocide was codified in a 1948 convention drawn up after the horrors of the Holocaust that defines it as acts "committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group."
According to the convention, genocidal acts include: killing; causing serious bodily or mental harm; and deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the group’s physical destruction in whole or in part.
In a report in September, a team of independent experts commissioned by the U.N. Human Rights Council concluded the war has become an attempt by Israel to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza and constitutes genocide.
The group, which doesn’t speak for the U.N., said its determination was based on a pattern of behavior, including Israel’s "total siege" of Gaza, killing or wounding vast numbers of Palestinians, and the destruction of health and educational facilities.
