Over $4.6 billion (TL 32.36 billion) in foreign direct investment (FDI) flowed into Turkey in the first 11 months of 2020, official data showed, in a year overshadowed by the coronavirus pandemic and lockdown measures.

Of this figure, nearly $3.3 billion came from Europe, accounting for almost 71% of the overall FDI in the country, data compiled from the Industry and Technology Ministry and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) by Anadolu Agency (AA) on Thursday showed.

A longtime investor in Turkey, Italy topped the list with $970 million. Details of the investments were not disclosed. The country had invested just $94 million in the same 11-month period in 2019.

Tofaş, a joint venture of one of Turkey’s leading conglomerates, Koç Holding, and Italy’s Fiat Chrysler, has long been among the leading carmakers in Turkey.

In November, Tofaş reached a deal that will pave the way for Fiat Chrysler to purchase auto parts from Turkish suppliers for worldwide use.

Fiat was the best-selling passenger car and light commercial vehicle brand in Turkey in 2020. It sold as many as 137,325 vehicles last year, according to data from the Automotive Distributors' Association (ODD).

Italian confectionery giant Ferrero is also a major investor in the country. It runs six production facilities in Turkey, three in northeastern Trabzon and at locations in northwestern Düzce and Izmit and western Manisa. It also operates eight warehouses, five collection centers and five Ferrero Farming Values offices, employing some 1,500 people.

Italy was followed by the U.S., with $769 million.

Among major deals that were inked last year was the agreement between Turkish polyester producer Sasa Polyester Industries Inc. and U.S.-based chemical giant Koch Industries.

The two inked a deal for an investment worth $935 million to build a production plant for purified terephthalic acid (PTA) – a key component in polyester production – in southern Turkey’s Adana province.

The plant is set to be completed in 2022 and will have an annual production capacity of 1.5 million tons of PTA.

In what was the largest transaction in 2020, the U.S.-based global gaming giant Zynga acquired Istanbul-based Peak Games for $1.8 billion, with the company becoming Turkey’s first-ever unicorn – a startup company valued at over $1 billion.

The Netherlands and the U.K. were among other major investors in the country with $491 million and $439 million, respectively.

The two had invested some $1.17 billion and $874 million, respectively, in 2019.

Among large-scale companies, telecom giant Vodafone, lender HSBC, Anglo-Dutch oil company Royal Dutch Shell and British energy group BP have long been operating in the country.

Among others, Luxembourg invested $428 million, followed by Germany with $264 million, Ireland with $167 million, Hong Kong with $157 million, France with $144 million and Japan with $113 million.

The sector most preferred by the foreign investors in the 11-month period was information and communication. The amount of foreign investments in the sector was nearly $1.3 billion.

International smartphone brands Oppo, Samsung, Tecno Mobile and Xiaomi have recently announced plans to start production in Turkey.

In addition, some $1.14 billion was invested in finance and insurance, while around $842 million has flown into the manufacturing industry.